Hellfire Modular Missile System (HMMS)

The Hellfire Modular Missile System is the primary weapon system of the AH-64D, capable of employing any variant of the AGM-114 Hellfire missile family. The AGM-114 was designed as a highly accurate anti-armor munition, capable of engaging point targets at long range across a wide variety of battlefield conditions.

The HMMS consists of up to four M299 Hellfire missile launchers (also called “HML’s”), which can carry up to four AGM-114 missiles of any model. Each individual launcher rail is processed by the aircraft electronics independently of the others, essentially equipping the AH-64 with up to 16 individual missile stations. Any combination of M299 missile launchers may be used in conjunction with the M261 rocket pods, to include such possibilities of three missile launchers and one rocket pod, or a single missile launcher and a single rocket pod in the case of reducing overall gross weight.

The HMMS provides various levels of automation for managing the missile inventory, allowing the crew to focus on targeting and engagement of ground targets while minimizing the duration the AH-64D is un-masked and exposed to enemy detection and weapons fire. AGM-114 missiles may be employed by either crewmember when using the HMD or FCR as the selected sight, or by the CPG when using the TADS. However, only specific missile types (SAL or RF) may be employed depending on the selected sight within the crewstation.

• HMD. When the selected sight is HMD, only Semi-Active Laser (SAL) AGM-114 missiles may be selected and fired from the crewstation. When employed by the CPG, an offboard source of laser designation is required. When employed by the Pilot, an offboard laser designation is required or the CPG may provide designation using the TADS.

• FCR. When the selected sight is FCR, only Radio Frequency (RF) AGM-114 missiles may be selected and fired from the crewstation.

• TADS. When the CPG’s selected sight is TADS, either SAL or RF missiles may be selected and fired, depending on the CPG’s Weapon (WPN) page settings.

AGM-114K Semi-Active Laser-Homing (SAL) Missile

The AGM-114 family of anti-tank missiles entered service in the early 1980’s alongside the AH-64A. The laser- guided Hellfire missiles were proven to be much more capable compared to the wire-guided BGM-71 TOW missiles which they were to replace, with the ability to be guided to a target by the launching platform or by any other target designation system capable of emitting a matching laser code. In addition, the AGM-114’s increased range, speed, and its ability to employ one of several post-launch trajectories added to its versatility on the battlefield. The first generation of missiles, commonly referred to as “Basic Hellfire” variants, included the A-, B-, C- and F- models, and were used to a high degree of success during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

Although the early variants of the AGM-114 missile were quite successful in combat, development of a second generation of AGM-114 missiles, commonly referred to as “Hellfire II” variants, entered service in the late 1990’s. These new AGM-114 variants featured numerous improvements and enhancements over the first generation, including a new digital autopilot to replace the original analog electronics, an electronic arming fuze, countermeasure hardening, and an integrated tandem warhead for defeating reactive armor. As a side note, the AGM-114F did include a second warhead for defeating reactive armor, giving it a noticeable increase in length compared to other AGM-114 variants, leading to the F-model being referred to as “Interim Hellfire”.

AGM-114K Hellfire missile

The AGM-114K was the first model of “Hellfire II” variants produced. Like the initial “Basic Hellfire”, the laser frequency and post-launch trajectory are selectable from the cockpit and are immediately uploaded through the missile’s umbilical, giving the aircrew the ability to rapidly configure the missile as needed. This flexibility, along with the AGM-114K’s tandem shaped-charge warhead, which is capable of defeating any known armor on the battlefield, makes the “Kilo” a versatile precision-strike weapon.

The AGM-114K may be employed in either a Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL) or a Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode. If the missile’s laser seeker detects a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code prior to launch, regardless of whether that laser designation is provided by the launching aircraft or by an offboard source such as another aircraft or a ground-based designator, the missile will be launched in LOBL mode.

When tracking a laser designation in LOBL mode the acceptable launch envelope, referred to as the “missile launch constraints”, is significantly more permissive when compared to LOAL. However, LOBL requires the launching aircraft have a direct line-of-sight to the target prior to launch, which may expose the aircraft to enemy detection and weapons fire.

SAL Post-Launch Trajectories

The acceptable launch envelope when firing the missile in LOAL is more restrictive than LOBL to ensure the missile is fired into the general vicinity of the intended target prior to designation. However, this allows the launching aircraft to fire the missile while remaining behind cover and hidden from enemy detection. When a SAL missile is launched while using LOAL, the crew may select one of three trajectories for the missile to utilize while enroute to the target, depending on the range and any obstructions between the aircraft and the target.

• High (HI) Trajectory. When employed using a High trajectory, the missile will use a maximum loft climb after launch, ascending approximately 1,300 feet above the aircraft within 2,000 meters before leveling off and continuing along a level altitude. The High trajectory should be utilized when the missile needs to clear significant terrain obstructions between the launching aircraft and the intended target, or to maximize the missile’s kinematic range.

• Low (LO) Trajectory. When employed using a Low trajectory, the missile will use a moderate loft climb after launch, ascending approximately 500 feet above the aircraft within 1,000 meters before leveling off and continuing along a level altitude. The Low trajectory should be utilized when the missile needs to clear low terrain obstructions between the launching aircraft and the intended target, or to increase the missile’s kinematic range.

• Direct (DIR) Trajectory. When employed using a Direct trajectory, the missile will use a minimum loft climb after launch, ascending approximately 50 feet above the aircraft within 500 meters, but will continue along its launch azimuth in a very slight climb, reaching a peak altitude of 250 feet within 5 kilometers. The Direct trajectory should be utilized when there are no terrain obstructions between the launching aircraft and the intended target, or if the target is at a relatively close range.

  Note

  The trajectory option on the WPN page should be set to Direct (DIR) if the missile is intended to be employed in a Lock-On-Before-Launch mode. (See Missile Constraints Box for more information.)

SAL Post-Launch Trajectories

Regardless of which trajectory is selected, the AGM-114K will continue along the same azimuth following launch until it detects a laser designation with a matching laser code, at which point it will dive onto the designated target. If no laser designation is detected, the missile will gradually lose altitude as its kinematic energy is depleted and it impacts the ground.

Laser Codes & Missile Channels

The AH-64D allocates laser frequencies using a combination of alphabetical laser codes and preset missile channels to increase cockpit efficiency. Up to 16 distinct laser frequencies may be programmed and assigned to laser codes “A” through “R”, excluding I and O to prevent confusion with one and zero respectively. These laser codes are then allocated amongst other team members to ensure each AH-64D can designate targets independently of one other, enabling simultaneous laser-guided missile engagements without mutual interference. (See WPN Code sub-page for more information.)

The pre-programmed laser codes also allow rapid switching of the TADS Laser Rangefinder/Designator (LRFD) and Laser Spot Tracker (LST) coding, without needing to manually input a 4-digit pulse repetition frequency using the Keyboard Unit each time a change is required. Although it is rare that an AH-64D crew will need to change their LRFD code from that which was assigned to their aircraft during a mission, the LST code may be changed several times throughout the mission, depending on the nature of any target handovers received from other laser-capable platforms within the battlespace.

Once the laser codes have been programmed and assigned to the TADS LRFD and LST sensors, the appropriate laser codes must be assigned to the missile channels. Missile channels permit rapid re-coding of SAL missiles directly from the main WPN page, independently of the ownship’s TADS LRFD and LST code assignments, and determine which laser designations SAL missiles will scan for and track. (See WPN Channel sub-page for more information.)

Laser Coding & Missile Channels

If the WPN page is displayed in MSL format, any of the four missile channels may be selected as the Priority or Alternate channels for SAL missile coding. The Priority missile channel determines how the next launched SAL missile will be coded, as in which laser pulse repetition frequency it will scan for and track. The Alternate missile channel is only used when the missile mode is set to Ripple (RIPL) and determines how the subsequently launched SAL missile will be coded. (See WPN Missile format and Missile Modes on the following page for more information.)

Missile Modes

The AH-64’s missile management mode may be set to either Normal, Ripple, or Manual, which dictates the manner in which the next and subsequent missiles are selected and coded for laser designations. For more information regarding Manual mode, see WPN Missile format.

In Normal mode, each missile that is launched is coded to a single missile channel (set as the Priority channel on the WPN page), meaning each missile searches for and tracks laser designations of a single laser pulse frequency.

Normal (NORM) Missile Mode

When set to Ripple mode, each missile that is launched is coded to one of two missile channels (set as the Priority and Alternate channels on the WPN page), which automatically cycles between the two channels every time a missile is fired. This allows missiles to be employed against two separate laser pulse frequencies that are providing simultaneous target designations without needing to manually switch the Priority missile channel between each pull of the weapon trigger.

Ripple (RIPL) Missile Mode

It should be noted that the selected missile mode only provides a means of managing how each subsequent missile is coded prior to launch, and does not directly correlate with how targets are designated, or whether the target is designated by the launching aircraft, another aircraft in the vicinity, or a ground-based designator. In the figure below, the aircraft launching in NORM mode may or may not be the source of laser designation against the intended target. NORM mode simply results in each missile being coded to the Priority missile channel.

Normal (NORM) and Ripple (RIPL) Modes

Likewise, the aircraft launching in RIPL mode may or may not be one of the sources of laser designation against the intended targets. Either of the designation sources could be provided by the launching aircraft, another aircraft in the vicinity, or a ground-based designator. RIPL mode simply results in the cycling of the Priority and Alternate channels following each launch to permit engagement of multiple targets using two designation sources.

SAL Missile Constraints Box

The key piece of symbology associated with employing the AGM-114K is the Missile Constraints Box displayed within the crewmember’s sight symbology. The Missile Constraints Box is a steering cue and launch mode indicator which indicates the launch mode of the missile and whether the missile is within acceptable launch constraints.

The Missile Constraints Box is longitudinally-scaled and is not a virtual symbology element; its displayed location does not correspond with a real-world location that is observed “out-the- window” like the Head Tracker or Flight Path Vector. The position of the Missile Constraints Box is referenced from the LOS Reticle, which corresponds to the Missile Datum Line (0° in azimuth and elevation from the longitudinal axis of the missile body). However, the referenced position of which the Missile Constraints Box represents is dependent on whether the missile is in LOBL or LOAL mode; and when in LOAL mode, which post-launch trajectory has been selected by the crewmember.

To augment the missiles’ post-launch trajectory and to ensure the missiles do not strike the ground, the wing pylons articulate in the vertical axis to maintain the pylon angle of each missile launcher 4° above the inertial horizon when the missiles are actioned. This results in the Missile Datum Line of each missile being stabilized 4° above the horizon regardless of the aircraft pitch attitude.

Lock-On-Before-Launch Mode (LOBL)

When the missile seeker detects a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code, the missile enters LOBL mode. When in LOBL mode, the Missile Constraints Box corresponds with the position of the missile’s seeker, in azimuth and elevation, relative to the Missile Datum Line.

The maximum allowable offset angle when the missile is in LOBL mode is 20°, ensuring the missile will be able to maintain track on the laser designation after launch; otherwise, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid, indicating the missile is outside of launch constraints. (See Missile Constraints Box Format for more information.)

SAL Missile Constraints Box – LOBL

Lock-On-After-Launch Mode, Direct Trajectory (LOAL-DIR)

When the missile seeker is not detecting a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code, the missile is in LOAL mode. If the post-launch trajectory is set to DIR, the missile seeker is slaved to the crewmember’s selected sight and the Missile Constraints Box corresponds with the position of the selected sight (HMD or TADS), in azimuth and elevation, relative to the Missile Datum Line.

When the CPG pulls the LRFD trigger on the TEDAC Right Handgrip to the 2nd detent to designate the target, the seeker is de-slaved, allowing the missile to track the laser designation from the launching aircraft. When the LRFD trigger is released, the missile seeker is once again slaved to the crewmember’s selected sight.

The maximum allowable offset angle when the missile is in LOAL mode is 7.5°. This ensures the missile is fired in the vicinity of the target location and that the missile’s flight path will carry it close enough for the seeker to detect a laser designation after launch. Otherwise, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid, indicating the missile is outside of launch constraints. (See Missile Constraints Box Format for more information.)

SAL Missile Constraints Box – LOAL-DIR

Lock-On-After-Launch Mode, Low/High Trajectory (LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI)

When the missile seeker is not detecting a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code, the missile is in LOAL mode. If the post-launch trajectory is set to LO or HI, the missile seeker is caged directly ahead and the Missile Constraints Box corresponds with the position of the acquisition source (ACQ), in azimuth and elevation, relative to the Missile Datum Line when the ACQ is set to a point within the navigational database. If the ACQ is not set to a point from the database, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid and be positioned at the LOS Reticle, indicating the launch constraints are unknown.

The Missile Constraints Box indicates the azimuth to which the aircraft should be aligned to launch the missile toward the point set as the crewmember’s ACQ. These trajectories are typically used when launching a laser- guided AGM-114 toward a target that will be designated by an offboard designation source; in which the target coordinates have been relayed to the launching aircraft in advance. (See Remote Fire for more information.) The maximum allowable offset angle when the missile is in LOAL mode is 7.5°. This ensures the missile is fired in the vicinity of the target location and that the missile’s flight path will carry it close enough for the seeker to detect a laser designation after launch. Otherwise, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid, indicating the missile is outside of launch constraints. (See Missile Constraints Box Format for more information.)

SAL Missile Constraints Box – LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI

SAL Missile Constraints Box Format

The Missile Constraints Box is displayed in four formats to indicate the missile’s launch mode (LOBL or LOAL) and whether the missile is within acceptable launch constraints (Valid or Invalid).

If the missile seeker is not tracking a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code, the missile will launch in Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode.

If the missile seeker is tracking a laser designation that matches its assigned laser code, the missile will launch in Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL) mode.

If the missile is within acceptable launch constraints and no Weapon Inhibit messages are displayed within the High Action Display, the Missile Constraints Box will be displayed as Valid.

If the missile is outside acceptable launch constraints or any Weapon Inhibit messages are displayed within the High Action Display, the Missile Constraints Box will be displayed as Invalid.

The acceptable launch constraints for SAL missiles are dependent on the launch mode and the selected LOAL trajectory (if applicable).

• LOBL Constraints. Missile seeker LOS is offset ≤ 20° from Missile Datum Line.

• LOAL-DIR Constraints. Selected sight (HMD or TADS LOS) is offset ≤ 7.5° from Missile Datum Line.

• LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI Constraints. Line-of-sight (LOS) to the location of the point currently set as the acquisition source (ACQ) is offset ≤ 7.5° from Missile Datum Line.

SAL Missile Weapon Inhibits

The following conditions will inhibit the SAL missiles from being fired. Performance inhibits may be overridden by pulling the trigger to the 2nd detent. Safety inhibits cannot be overridden.

Performance Inhibits

• BAL LIMIT:

  The required weapon aiming solution exceeds the ballistics processing capability.

  • If tactically feasible, engage the target at a closer range.

• PYLON ANGLE:

  The position of the missile launcher(s) is ≥10° from the optimum launch position or the pylon position is unknown.

  • Wait for the missile launchers to reach the optimum launch position.

  • If inhibit message remains, missiles may still be fired but the missile launcher positions should be visually confirmed to ensure the appropriate considerations may be made for a successful engagement.

• PYLON LIMIT (IN FLIGHT):

  The commanded position of the rocket launcher(s) exceeds the pylon articulation limits. (+4° to -15°).

  • Adjust the aircraft pitch attitude as necessary to bring the weapon aiming solution within the articulation range of the wing pylons (e.g., pitch the nose toward the Rocket Steering Cursor).

• RATE LIMIT:

  The pitch, roll, and/or yaw rates are excessive.

  • Stabilize the aircraft attitude prior to launch.

• ROLL LIMIT:

  The roll angle of the aircraft is excessive.

  • Reduce the roll attitude of the aircraft prior to launch.

• SKR LIMIT:

  When the missile is in LOBL mode, the missile seeker has reached a gimbal limit.

  • Adjust the heading or pitch attitude of the aircraft to bring the target within the missile seeker field-of-view. (e.g., turn toward the Missile Constraints box).

• YAW LIMIT:

  When the missile is in LOAL mode, the target position relative to the aircraft heading is excessive.

  • Adjust the heading of the aircraft to bring the target position closer to the aircraft centerline. (e.g., turn toward the Missile Constraints box).

Safety Inhibits

• ACCEL LIMIT:

  Vertical acceleration is <0.5 G; the main rotor blades may obstruct the trajectory of the missile when fired.

  • Reduce the severity of the current maneuver to increase the positive G load on the aircraft.

• ALT LAUNCH:

  The firing of a rocket salvo is already in progress.

  • The missile may be fired 2 seconds after the rocket salvo is complete.

• BACK SCATTER:

  The TADS LRFD is firing and the difference between the SAL missile seeker line-of-sight and the TADS line-of-sight is >2°.

  • The missile is not tracking the TADS laser designation, possibly due to atmospheric obscurance between the aircraft and the target such as dust or smoke.

  • Release the laser trigger to slave the missile seeker back to the TADS line-of-sight and attempt to designate again.

• GUN OBSTRUCT:

  The gun is out of coincidence from the weapon aiming solution and may obstruct the trajectory of missiles fired from the inboard wing pylons.

  • If tactically feasible, instruct the crewmember that has actioned the gun to de-action in order to permit the firing of missiles.

  • A different missile may be manually selected by setting the Mode to MAN and pressing the Missile Advance button.

• LOS INVALID:

  The line-of-sight of the selected sight is invalid or has failed.

  • Select a different sight for engagement. If using HMD as the sight and the LOS Reticle is flashing, adjust the helmet position to within the slew limits of the assigned NVS sensor (PNVS or TADS).

• MSL NOT RDY:

  The SAL priority missile channel is set to NONE in NORM or RIPL mode.

  A missile has not been selected in MAN mode.

  • Select a priority missile channel for SAL engagement. Press the Missile Advance button to select the next missile in MAN mode.

• PYLON ERROR:

  The aircraft is on the ground (weight-on-wheels) and the missile launcher positions are unknown.

  • If inhibit message remains, the corresponding wing pylons may have experienced a failure and the missiles should be de-actioned.

• PYLON LIMIT (ON GROUND):

  The commanded position of the missile launcher(s) exceeds the pylon articulation limits. (+4° to -5°).

  • The missiles should be de-actioned.

• SAFE:

  The master armament state is currently set to SAFE; weapons cannot be fired.

  • Set the A/S button on the Armament Panel to ARM.

WPN Missile (MSL) Format – SAL Missile Settings

When SAL missiles are selected for employment within the crewstation, the WPN page will display SAL missile settings when set to MSL format.

Note

The only SAL missile variant of the AGM-114 missile family that is simulated in DCS: AH-64D is the AGM- 114K, which is of the Hellfire II series of sub-variants. As a result, only SAL2 missile icons will be displayed and available for employment.

1. Priority Channel. Displays the missile channel selection menu for selecting one of the four missile channels as the Priority channel, with the current channel selection boxed and displayed as “PRI”. This setting is common between crewstations.

   

   • Channel 1. Missile channel 1 will be selected as the Priority channel. The next SAL missile to be fired will be coded to the laser code assigned to channel 1.

   • Channel 2. Missile channel 2 will be selected as the Priority channel. The next SAL missile to be fired will be coded to the laser code assigned to channel 2.

   • Channel 3. Missile channel 3 will be selected as the Priority channel. The next SAL missile to be fired will be coded to the laser code assigned to channel 3.

   • Channel 4. Missile channel 4 will be selected as the Priority channel. The next SAL missile to be fired will be coded to the laser code assigned to channel 4.

   • NONE. No missile channels will be selected as the Priority channel. SAL missiles will not be coded and are inhibited from launch. ALT channel selection (VAB L2) is inhibited and automatically set to NONE.

   Note

   A missile channel cannot be selected as both the Priority and Alternate channels simultaneously. If the Alternate channel is selected as Priority, the Priority and Alternate channels will simply be swapped.

2. Alternate Channel. Displays the missile channel selection menu for selecting one of the four missile channels as the Alternate channel, with the current channel selection boxed and displayed as “ALT”. This setting is common between crewstations.

   When the Mode is set to RIPL, SAL missiles will be coded in an alternating sequence between the two missile channels designated as Priority and Alternate.

   

   • Channel 1. Missile channel 1 will be selected as the Alternate channel.

   • Channel 2. Missile channel 2 will be selected as the Alternate channel.

   • Channel 3. Missile channel 3 will be selected as the Alternate channel.

   • Channel 4. Missile channel 4 will be selected as the Alternate channel.

   • NONE. No missile channels will be selected as the Alternate channel. RIPL mode is inhibited from selection within the MODE selection menu (VAB R2).

   Note

   A missile channel cannot be selected as both the Priority and Alternate channels simultaneously. If the Priority channel is selected as Alternate, the Priority and Alternate channels will simply be swapped.

3. SAL Select. Selects the sub-variant of SAL missiles to be employed, between Basic Hellfire (SAL1), Hellfire II (SAL2), or automatic selection between the two sub-variants. (N/I)

4. Missile Channels Status. Displays the laser code assignments to each of the four missile channels and which channels are designated as Priority (PRI, white box) and Alternate (ALT, green box).

5. Type Select. Displays the selected missile type for employment. This setting is independent between crewstations and is contextually dependent on the selected sight within the crewstation.

   • SAL. SAL missiles are selected for employment from the crewstation. The High Action Display will display relevant symbology for SAL missile employment and the WPN page will display SAL missile settings when set to MSL format.

     • If the selected sight is set to HMD, SAL is automatically selected as the missile type and crewmember selection will be inhibited.

   • RF. RF missiles are selected for employment from the crewstation. The High Action Display will display relevant symbology for RF missile employment and the WPN page will display RF missile settings when set to MSL format.

     • If the selected sight is set to FCR, RF is automatically selected as the missile type and crewmember selection will be inhibited.

6. Mode Select. Selects the mode of missile inventory management. This setting is common between crewstations.

   • RIPL. Missile inventory, coding, and launch sequencing is managed automatically. Missile launches will be alternated between each wing station to maintain center-of-gravity, as appropriate.

     • The first three missiles that are designated for launch will be coded in an alternating sequence, with the first and third missiles coded to the Priority channel and the second missile coded to the Alternate channel. As each missile is fired, subsequent missiles are progressively coded in the same alternating sequence.

   • NORM. Missile inventory, coding, and launch sequencing is managed automatically. Missile launches will be alternated between each wing station to maintain center-of-gravity, as appropriate.

     • The first three missiles that are designated for launch will be coded to the Priority channel. As each missile is fired, subsequent missiles are progressively coded to the Priority channel.

   • MAN. Missile inventory, coding, and launch sequencing is managed manually by the aircrew. Missile launches may lead to asymmetric loading and may cause center-of-gravity issues.

     • A single missile is selected and coded. The Missile Advance button on the Collective Mission Grip or the TEDAC Right Handgrip may be used to select the next missile for launch. As each missile is fired, the Missile Advance button must be used to select and code the next missile.

7. Trajectory Select. Selects the post-launch trajectory that will be employed by the SAL missile when fired in Lock-On After Launch (LOAL) mode. This setting is independent between crewstations.

   • HI. If the missile seeker does not detect a laser designation, the missile will employ a high-altitude loft trajectory along its launch azimuth.

   • LO. If the missile seeker does not detect a laser designation, the missile will employ a low-altitude loft trajectory along its launch azimuth.

   • DIR. If the missile seeker does not detect a laser designation, the missile will employ a direct trajectory with minimal loft along its launch azimuth.

8. RF Missile Icon. Indicates an AGM-114L missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail. The missile icon appearance and text label indicate the operational state and status of the missile. (See RF Missile Type Settings for more information.)

9. SAL Missile Icon. Indicates an AGM-114K missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail. The missile icon appearance and text label indicate the operational state and status of the missile.

   ICON	DESC
   	A SAL2 missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail
   	No laser code is assigned. Missile is in a Standby status.
   	A solid missile icon is displayed when the WPN page is in MSL format.
   	Laser code “A” is assigned. Missile is in a Ready status.
   	A hollow, white, flashing missile icon indicates the next missile to be fired.
   	Laser code “A” is assigned. Missile is in a Tracking status.

10. Missile Counter-Countermeasures Mode. Not implemented.

SAL Missile Weapon Status Messages

The following messages will be displayed in the High Action Display based on current missile status or weapon page settings when missiles are actioned and the missile type is set to SAL.

• 2 CHAN TRK: Missiles coded to the Priority and Alternate missile channels are tracking corresponding laser designations in RIPL mode. Missiles are in LOBL mode.
• ALT CHAN TRK: A missile coded to the Alternate missile channel is tracking a corresponding laser designation in RIPL mode. Missile is in LOBL mode.
• DIR MAN: LOAL trajectory is set to DIR. Missile management mode is set to MAN.
• DIR NORM: LOAL trajectory is set to DIR. Missile management mode is set to NORM.
• DIR RIPL: LOAL trajectory is set to DIR. Missile management mode is set to RIPL.
• FIRE MSLS: 8 seconds has elapsed since the last launch of a SAL missile and one or more SAL missiles are remaining onboard the aircraft and set to the Priority missile channel that matches the laser code set to the TADS LRFD.
• HF TOF=##: The remaining time of flight (in seconds) for the next SAL missile that was set to a Priority channel that matches the laser code set to the TADS LRFD.
• HI MAN: LOAL trajectory is set to HI. Missile management mode is set to MAN.
• HI NORM: LOAL trajectory is set to HI. Missile management mode is set to NORM.
• HI RIPL: LOAL trajectory is set to HI. Missile management mode is set to RIPL.
• LASE ## TRGT: 12 seconds time of flight remains for the next SAL missile that was set to a Priority channel that matches the laser code set to the TADS LRFD, requiring terminal guidance be provided by the TADS LRFD.
• LO MAN: LOAL trajectory is set to LO. Missile management mode is set to MAN.
• LO NORM: LOAL trajectory is set to LO. Missile management mode is set to NORM.
• LO RIPL: LOAL trajectory is set to LO. Missile management mode is set to RIPL.
• MSL LAUNCH: A launch has been commanded of the next SAL missile that was set to a Priority channel that matches the laser code set to the TADS LRFD.
• MSL SELECT: Missiles are actioned but the Priority missile channel is set to NONE.
• MSL TYPE?: Missiles are actioned but no missiles of the selected type (SAL or RF) are available.
• NO MISSILES: Missiles are actioned but no SAL or RF missiles are available.
• PRI CHAN TRK: A missile coded to the Priority missile channel is tracking a corresponding laser designation in MAN, NORM, or RIPL mode. Missile is in LOBL mode.
• WEAPON?: The weapon trigger has been pulled but no weapon has been actioned.

Laser-guided Hellfire Engagement (LOBL)

When employing a SAL missile in Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL) mode, the TADS LRFD is used by the CPG to continuously designate the target prior to missile launch and throughout the missile’s flight until it impacts the target. TADS LMC and/or IAT targeting modes may be used to assist the CPG in stabilizing the TADS LOS Reticle on the target. When missiles are actioned in the CPG crewstation, the Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage a target with a SAL missile in LOBL mode, using the TADS as the selected sight to self-designate:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG (Optional) Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • If the target is visually acquired by either crewmember, set ACQ to PHS or GHS.
   • If the target is stored as a point within the navigational database,

4. CPG (Optional) SLAVE button – Press, and then press again to de-slave when the TADS has finished slewing.

5. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
6. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)
   • TYPE (VAB R1) – SAL.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.
   • TRAJ (VAB R3) – DIR.
   • © PRI (VAB L1) – Verify Priority missile channel is set to the same laser code as the LRFD.
7. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “DIR NORM” or “DIR MAN”. (High Action Display)
8. CPG Sight Status – Verify “REMOTE” is not displayed. (High Action Display)

9. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

   

10. CPG If the target or aircraft are moving, engage TADS targeting modes to stabilize the TADS on target.

    • Manual tracking - Engage LMC and employ the Sight Manual Tracker.
    • Automatic tracking - Engage IAT.
11. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull and hold, 2nd detent. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
12. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “PRI CHAN TRK”. (High Action Display)
13. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”
14. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.
    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
15. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:
    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • BACK SCATTER
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
16. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
17. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)
18. CPG LRFD Trigger – Maintain designation, 2nd detent, until the missile impacts the target. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

Laser-guided Hellfire Engagement (LOAL, DIR Trajectory)

When employing a SAL missile in Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode, the TADS LRFD is used by the CPG to designate the target after missile launch and throughout the remainder of the missile’s flight until it impacts the target. TADS LMC and/or IAT targeting modes may be used to assist the CPG in stabilizing the TADS LOS Reticle on the target. When missiles are actioned in the CPG crewstation, the Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage a target with a SAL missile in LOAL-DIR mode, using the TADS as the selected sight to self-designate:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG (Optional) Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • If the target is visually acquired by either crewmember, set ACQ to PHS or GHS.
   • If the target is stored as a point within the navigational database, set ACQ to the corresponding point.

4. CPG (Optional) SLAVE button – Press, and then press again to de-slave when the TADS has finished slewing.

5. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
6. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)
   • TYPE (VAB R1) – SAL.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.
   • TRAJ (VAB R3) – DIR.
   • © PRI (VAB L1) – Verify Priority
     missile channel is set to the same
     laser code as the LRFD.
7. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “DIR NORM” or “DIR MAN”. (High Action Display)
8. CPG Sight Status – Verify “REMOTE” is not displayed. (High Action Display)

9. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

10. CPG If the target or aircraft are moving, engage TADS targeting modes to stabilize the TADS on target.

    • Manual tracking - Engage LMC and employ the Sight Manual Tracker.
    • Automatic tracking - Engage IAT.

    

11. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

12. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.
    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
13. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:
    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • BACK SCATTER
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT
14. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
15. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

16. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull, 2nd detent, after the missile clears the missile rail but no later than “LASE # TRGT” is displayed in the Weapon Status field, and hold until the missile impacts the target. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

    

    

Laser-guided Hellfire Engagement (Rapid Fire)

When employing SAL missiles using Rapid Fire against multiple targets, the TADS LRFD is used by the CPG to designate each target in sequence while multiple missiles are in flight simultaneously. After the first missile impacts its target, the laser designation is shifted to the next target, which will divert the next missile while in flight. The TADS Multi-Target Tracker may be used to assist the CPG in shifting the TADS LOS Reticle to each subsequent target. (See TADS Targeting Modes for more information)

To rapidly engage multiple targets with SAL missiles, using the TADS as the selected sight to self-designate:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG (Optional) Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • If the target is visually acquired by either crewmember, set ACQ to PHS or GHS.
   • If the target is stored as a point within the navigational database, set ACQ to the corresponding point.

4. CPG (Optional) SLAVE button – Press, and then press again to de-slave when the TADS has finished slewing.

5. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
6. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)
   • TYPE (VAB R1) – SAL.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.
   • TRAJ (VAB R3) – DIR.
   • © PRI (VAB L1) – Verify Priority missile channel is set to the same
     laser code as the LRFD.
7. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “DIR NORM” or “DIR MAN”. (High Action Display)
8. CPG Sight Status – Verify “REMOTE” is not displayed. (High Action Display)

9. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

10. CPG If the targets or aircraft are moving, engage TADS targeting modes to stabilize the TADS on target.

    • Manual tracking - Engage LMC and employ the Sight Manual Tracker.
    • Automatic tracking - Engage IAT on subsequent targets using MTT.

    

11. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull and hold, 2nd detent, if engaging in LOBL mode. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

12. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “PRI CHAN TRK” if engaging in LOBL mode. (High
    Action Display)
13. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

14. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.

    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile
      Constraints Box.

15. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:

    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • BACK SCATTER
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT
16. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
17. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)
18. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull and hold after the missile clears the missile rail and hold, 2nd detent, if not already lasing in LOBL mode. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
19. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “FIRE MSLS” 8 seconds after the first missile launch. (High Action Display)
20. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)

21. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

    

    

22. CPG When the first missile impacts the first target, shift the TADS LOS Reticle to the next target while continuing to hold the LRFD Trigger. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

    • Manual tracking – Use Sight Manual Tracker to shift TADS LOS Reticle to next target.
    • Automatic tracking – Use IAT/OFS switch to shift TADS LOS Reticle to next target. (See Image Auto-Track for more information.)

23. CPG LRFD Trigger – Maintain designation, 2nd detent, until the second missile impacts the second target. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

    

Note

A minimum of 8 seconds is required between missile launches to ensure the TADS LOS Reticle may be shifted to the next target with sufficient time to guide the next missile to its intended target. However, this is based on the assumption that each target is relatively close to the next. If the targets are widely spaced, the CPG should increase the interval between missile launches to ensure there is sufficient time to shift the laser designation to the next target before the missile reaches the designation.

A good rule of thumb is to only use the Rapid Fire technique if each target is simultaneously visible within the same TADS field-of-view that will be used for laser designation, and to ensure that each subsequent target is at the same range or further than the previous target.

Laser-guided Hellfire Engagement (Remote Fire, LO or HI Trajectory)

When employing a SAL missile using Remote Fire, the missile is fired in Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode toward a target location, after which an offboard source of laser designation provides terminal guidance onto the intended target. Remote Fire is conducted in similar fashion to an artillery fire mission, in which the designating platform relays the target location to which the munition should be delivered and the designator’s laser code.

To engage a target with a SAL missile in LOAL-LO or LOAL-HI mode, with another platform remotely providing terminal guidance to the missile:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • COORD (VAB T5) – Select.
   • Point (VAB L1-L6) – Select; or use paging controls to locate the target point within the database.

   Note

   If the target location is not already present in the navigational database, the target point must be received via the datalink or manually input on the POINT sub-page. (See the Datalink chapter or TSD Point sub-page for more information.)

4. CPG SLAVE button – Press, and evaluate Navigation range to target.

   Note

   If range to target exceeds 8 kilometers, instruct the Pilot to re- position the aircraft as necessary prior to launch.

5. CPG CHAN (VAB T1) – Select. (WPN page)

   • © CHANNEL (VAB T2-T5) – Select any un-used missile channel.
   • © Code Selection – Select the laser code that corresponds with the designating platform.

   Note

   If the designating platform is using a laser code that is not already present on the CHAN sub-page, the code must be manually input on the
   FREQ sub-page. (See WPN Frequency sub-page for more information.)

6. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)

7. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)

   • TYPE (VAB R1) – SAL.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.

   • TRAJ (VAB R3) – LO or HI.

   • © PRI (VAB L1) – Select, and set the missile channel corresponding with the designating platform as Priority.

   • CPG Weapon Status – Verify “LO NORM” or “LO MAN”; or “HI NORM” or “HI MAN”. (High Action Display)
   • CPG Sight Status – Verify “REMOTE” is

   displayed. (High Action Display) 10. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel) 11. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.” 12. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle. - Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box. - Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box. 13. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit
   messages are displayed:
   - ACCEL LIMIT - ALT LAUNCH - GUN OBSTRUCT - PYLON ERROR - BAL LIMIT - PYLON ANGLE - PYLON LIMIT
   - RATE LIMIT
   - ROLL LIMIT
   - YAW LIMIT
   14. PLT / CPG Verify the designating platform is ready to designate the target.
   15. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
   16. CPG Sight Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display) 17. PLT / CPG Notify designating platform that the missile has been launched and the approximate time of flight. 18. CPG Sight Status – Observe “LASE # TRGT”. (High Action Display) 19. PLT / CPG Verify the designating platform is lasing the target for terminal guidance.

Laser-guided Hellfire Engagement (Ripple Fire)

When employing SAL missiles using Ripple (RIPL) mode against multiple targets, the missile management logic will automatically cycle the Priority and Alternate channels each time a missile is launched, allowing each missile to be guided by two separate sources of laser designation. Ripple Fire may conducted using a combination of several missile engagement techniques:

- **Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL).** One or both laser designators are lasing prior to launch.

- **Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL).** One or both laser designators begin lasing after launch.

- **Remote Fire.** One or both missiles are being remotely guided by an offboard source of laser designation.

- **Rapid Fire.** Multiple missiles may be guided by each source of laser designation, with the designating
 platforms shifting laser designations to subsequent targets following each preceding missile impact.

In each case, the launching aircraft may or may not be providing one of the sources of laser designation. However, regardless of which platforms are providing terminal guidance to the SAL missiles, it is critical that the Priority and Alternate channels correspond with the correct laser codes, and that sufficient coordination between the launching platform and designating platform(s) is performed for a successful engagement. As an example in the procedure below, the launching aircraft will designate for the first missile while a second AH-64D team member will designate for the second missile. Both aircraft will begin designation prior to launch in LOBL mode to ensure each missile is tracking their corresponding laser codes.

To rapidly engage multiple targets with SAL missiles, using the TADS as the selected sight to self-designate for the first missile while another platform designates for the second missile:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG (Optional) Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • If the target is visually acquired by either crewmember, set ACQ to PHS or GHS.
   • If the target is stored as a point within the navigational database, set ACQ to the corresponding point.

4. CPG (Optional) SLAVE button – Press, and then press again to de-slave when the TADS has finished slewing.

5. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
6. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)
   • TYPE (VAB R1) – SAL.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – RIPL.
   • TRAJ (VAB R3) – DIR.
   • © PRI (VAB L1) – Verify Priority missile channel is set to the same laser code as the LRFD.
   • © ALT (VAB L2) – Verify Alternate missile channel is set to the same laser code as the team member that will be designating the second target.
7. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “DIR RIPL”. (High Action Display)

8. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

   

9. CPG If the targets or aircraft are moving, engage TADS targeting modes to stabilize the TADS on target.

   • Manual tracking - Engage LMC and employ the Sight Manual Tracker.

   • Automatic tracking - Engage IAT on each target using MTT.

   • PLT / CPG Instruct the team member to begin designating their target.

10. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “ALT CHAN TRK” is displayed after team member begins designating. (High Action Display)

    

11. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull and hold, 2nd detent. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

12. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “2 CHAN TRACK”. (High Action Display) NOTE: If “PRI CHAN TRK” is displayed in the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display, the first missile to be launched is tracking a source of laser designation. If “ALT CHAN TRK” is displayed, the second missile to be launched is tracking a source of laser designation. If “2 CHAN TRACK” is displayed, both sources of laser designation are being tracked by the corresponding missiles.
13. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”
14. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.
    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
15. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:
    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • BACK SCATTER
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT
16. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull to launch first missile. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
17. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)
18. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull to launch second missile. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)
19. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)
20. PLT / CPG Notify the designating team member that the missiles have been launched.

21. CPG LRFD Trigger – Maintain designation, 2nd detent, until the first missile impacts the target being designated by the ownship’s TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

    

    

AGM-114L Radio Frequency (RF) Missile

The AGM-114L was the first and only model of Hellfire missile that was designed to utilize radar-based guidance in lieu of laser guidance. The missile itself utilizes the same components and features of the AGM-114K, including the digital autopilot and integrated tandem warhead for defeating reactive armor, but replaced the forward nose section with a millimeter-wave radar seeker and its associated electronics. Like the “Kilo”, the “Lima” was designed to destroy 21st century main battle tanks and other heavy armor. But unlike the “Kilo”, the “Lima” was specifically developed to be used in conjunction with the newly fielded AH-64D.

The forward section of the “Lima” is occupied by an active-radar seeker that can detect and track moving or stationary ground targets, with a limited capacity to engage slow-moving air targets such as other helicopters. Although the missile is most effective when employed using the AN/APG-78 Fire Control Radar (FCR), the AGM- 114L may also be employed when using the AN/ASQ-170 Target Acquisition Designation Sight (TADS). Prior to launch, the missile receives a handover of the target location, whether the target location data was generated by the FCR or the TADS, at which time it utilizes inertial guidance to navigate to its target.

When initially powered, the AGM-114L requires an alignment of its inertial guidance system to ensure it can properly navigate to its target. An “inertial handover” of attitude and linear velocity is provided by the AH-64D’s INU to the RF missiles as a means of rapid alignment, after which the missile is ready to receive a target handover. However, due to the increased amount of electronics within the “Lima” compared to the “Kilo”, the missiles may potentially overheat if the missile remains powered for extended periods of time. To mitigate this risk, the AH- 64D automatically manages the missile power amongst all RF missiles loaded on the weapon stations. The automatic missile power logic will only keep a portion of the RF missile inventory powered at any given time; and will cycle power to the next sub-set of the missile inventory every 10 minutes to permit the remaining missiles to cool while keeping a number of RF missiles ready for immediate engagement. (See WPN Missile format for more information regarding missile power management.)

Just as in the case of the AGM-114K, the AGM-114L may be employed in either a Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL) mode or a Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode. However, the electronics within the AGM-114L missile itself performs an automatic determination of which mode it should utilize, based on the nature of the target handover it receives. The aircrew does not have any direct control over which mode the missile defaults to, but it is possible to inhibit the RF missiles from utilizing LOBL mode, if necessary.

RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic

Unlike the SAL missile variants, the RF missile performs its own determination of which launch mode (LOBL or LOAL) is optimal for target acquisition, based on the nature of the target handover it receives.

Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL). LOBL is used to increase the likelihood of a successful engagement if the target is moving or is at a close range to the aircraft (<2.5 km). If the missile determines the optimal mode is LOBL, which will be indicated by “LOBL” being displayed in the Weapon Status field of the crewmember’s High Action Display, it will immediately activate its onboard radar seeker and scan the vicinity of the target location in an attempt to acquire and track its target. If a target is successfully acquired, “RF MSL TRACK” will be displayed in the High Action Display.

• If the target is stationary but less than 1 km in range, there is insufficient time to acquire the target after launch and LOBL is necessary for a successful engagement. If target acquisition is unsuccessful, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the High Action Display, and engagement should not be attempted.
• If the target is stationary and between 1 and 2.5 km in range, there may be insufficient time to acquire the target after launch and LOBL increases the likelihood of a successful engagement. If target acquisition is unsuccessful, “LOAL” will be displayed in the High Action Display to indicate that LOAL is acceptable.
• If the target is moving at any range, LOBL is necessary for a successful engagement. If target acquisition is unsuccessful, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the High Action Display, and engagement should not be attempted.

If target acquisition has failed and it is desired to make another attempt to acquire the target prior to launch, the crewmember should de-action the missile system, which will erase the target handover data from the missile. The missiles may then be actioned once more and another target handover may be attempted. However, if ambient temperatures are high, multiple and repeated attempts to force the missile to activate its onboard radar and acquire a target may increase the likelihood of the missile overheating.

Note

The “LOBL” or “LOAL” messages displayed in the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display indicate the launch mode that the missile has entered; “LOBL” does not indicate the missile has acquired its target when in a LOBL state. If “LOBL” is still displayed when the RF missile is launched, prior to “RF MSL TRACK” being displayed and accompanied by a large Missile Constraints Box, the missile will launch in a LOAL state and may not successfully acquire the target after launch. (See RF Missile Constraints Box for more information)

LOBL & LOAL Selection Logic

Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL). LOAL is used if LOBL is not required to ensure a successful engagement, if the target cannot be acquired prior to launch and there is sufficient time to acquire the target after launch, or if LOBL INHIBIT is enabled on the WPN page. If the missile determines the optimal mode is LOAL, which will be indicated by “LOAL” being displayed in the Weapon Status field of the crewmember’s High Action Display, it should be launched as soon as the target handover is complete to ensure a successful engagement.

• If the target is stationary and between 1 and 2.5 km in range, and LOBL is unsuccessful, “LOAL” will be displayed in the High Action Display to indicate that LOAL is acceptable.
• If the target is stationary and greater than 2.5 km in range, “LOAL” will be displayed in the High Action Display to indicate that LOAL is acceptable.

RF Post-Launch Trajectories

When an RF missile is launched, the missile will utilize one of two trajectories based on the missiles ability to acquire and track the target. If the missile cannot acquire or maintain a track on the target, it will utilize an off- axis flight profile to increase its radar resolution of the target amongst the ground clutter. Otherwise, the missile will use a direct flight profile toward the target.

• Doppler Beam Sharpening (DBS) Trajectory. When employing an off-axis flight profile, the RF missile leverages a radar processing principle known as Doppler beam sharpening to increase the radar processing resolution in order to acquire or maintain track of its target. A DBS trajectory is more likely to occur when the target is at sufficient range in which such a maneuver is possible, or when the missile is employed in LOAL launch mode. (See Doppler Beam Sharpening on the following page for more information.)

• Direct Trajectory. When employed against targets that are easily acquired and tracked, or against targets that are at close range with insufficient maneuver space to perform a DBS trajectory, the missile will use a direct trajectory toward the target.

RF Post-Launch Trajectories

Note

The RF missile may impact obstructions when utilizing a DBS trajectory after launch, such as when employed near high terrain or tall urban structures. If necessary, the nose of the aircraft may be offset to either side of the target azimuth to force the missile to execute a DBS trajectory in the corresponding direction.

DBS Trajectory Direction

Doppler Beam Sharpening (DBS)

Doppler beam sharpening is a method of processing received radar returns to produce a higher resolution radar map and is used in many applications in the world today, even outside of military aviation. Typical real-beam radar mapping is limited in resolution, whereas Doppler beam sharpening uses differences in radial velocity to achieve a more detailed radar image. However, Doppler beam sharpening is limited by the relative aspect angle of the radar returns in relation to the movement of the transmitting radar antenna across the surface.

As the radar antenna moves across the surface, whether it is mounted to an aircraft like the F-16 or a missile like the AGM-114L, radar returns are received from terrain and objects such as vegetation, structures, or vehicles. Even if all detected objects are stationary, the velocity of the missile itself generates a measurable shift in the frequency of the electromagnetic radar energy reflected back toward the missile seeker; a Doppler effect. However, radar reflections that are
received from either side of the missile’s track across the surface will generate a lower Doppler shift due to their lower radial velocity compared to those directly in front of the
missile. The greater the angular offset from the missile’s flight path, the lower the measured radial velocity.

As the radar returns are processed for these small differences in Doppler shift, the returns from any location within the radar image can
be calculated and further separated into
distinct points to account for the deviations in radial velocity. This results in a more refined and higher resolution radar image.

Doppler Beam Sharpening Processing Method

Since Doppler beam sharpening relies on a sufficient difference in Doppler frequency within a measurable area, such calculations cannot be performed when the radar is scanning an area directly in front of the missile’s flight path (nor directly abeam). As a result, Doppler beam sharpening is rendered ineffective unless the scanned area is sufficiently offset to either side of the missile’s flight path. When Doppler beam sharpening is necessary to acquire and track a given target, the AGM-114L will fly an off-axis DBS trajectory to permit this processing method.

RF Missile Constraints Box

The key piece of symbology associated with employing the AGM-114L is the Missile Constraints Box displayed within the crewmember’s sight symbology. The Missile Constraints Box is a steering cue and launch mode indicator which indicates the launch mode of the missile and whether the missile is within acceptable launch constraints.

The Missile Constraints Box is longitudinally-scaled and is not a virtual symbology element; its displayed location does not correspond with a real-world location that is observed “out-the- window” like the Head Tracker or Flight Path Vector. The position of the Missile Constraints Box is referenced from the LOS Reticle, which corresponds to the Missile Datum Line (0° in azimuth and elevation from the longitudinal axis of the missile body). However, the referenced position of which the Missile Constraints Box represents is either the target location relative to the Missile Datum Line; or ,specifically in the case when TADS is the selected sight and a target handover has not yet been performed, the Missile Constraints Box is derived from the position of the TADS turret relative to the Missile Datum Line.

                                           To augment the missiles’ post-launch trajectory and to ensure the

missiles do not strike the ground, the wing pylons articulate in the vertical axis to maintain the pylon angle of each missile launcher 4° above the inertial horizon when the missiles are actioned. This results in the Missile Datum Line of each missile being stabilized 4° above the horizon regardless of the aircraft pitch attitude.

Lock-On-Before-Launch Mode (LOBL), Missile Tracking (RF MSL TRACK)

If the missile is in LOBL mode and is tracking a target with its onboard seeker, the Missile Constraints Box corresponds with the position of the missile’s seeker, in azimuth and elevation, relative to the Missile Datum Line. The maximum allowable offset angle for the RF missile in LOBL mode is 20° for targets at a range of 1 km or greater, or 5° for targets at ranges less than 1 km; otherwise, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid, indicating the missile is outside of launch constraints. (See Missile Constraints Box Format for more information.)

RF Missile Constraints Box – LOBL and tracking a target

Lock-On-After-Launch Mode (LOAL), Target Handover Complete

If the missile has received a target handover and is in LOAL mode, the Missile Constraints Box corresponds with the location of the target, in azimuth and elevation, relative to the Missile Datum Line.

The maximum allowable offset angle for the RF missile in LOAL mode is 20° for targets at a range of 1 kilometer or greater; otherwise, the Constraints Box will be displayed as invalid, indicating the missile is outside of launch constraints. (See Missile Constraints Box Format for more information.)

RF Missile Constraints Box – LOAL with a successful target handover

RF Missile Constraints Box Format

The Missile Constraints Box is displayed in four formats to indicate the missile’s launch mode (LOBL or LOAL) and whether the missile is within acceptable launch constraints (Valid or Invalid).

If the missile seeker is not tracking a target after receiving a target handover, the missile will be launched in Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL) mode.

If the missile seeker acquired and is tracking a target, the missile will be launched in Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL) mode.

If the missile is within acceptable launch constraints and no Weapon Inhibit messages are displayed within the High Action Display, the Missile Constraints Box will be displayed as Valid.

If the missile is outside acceptable launch constraints or any Weapon Inhibit messages are displayed within the High Action Display, the Missile Constraints Box will be displayed as Invalid.

• LOBL Constraints (< 1 km). Missile seeker LOS is offset ≤ 5° from the Missile Datum Line.

• LOBL Constraints (≥ 1 km). Missile seeker LOS is offset ≤ 20° from the Missile Datum Line.

• LOAL Constraints (≥ 1 km). Line-of-sight (LOS) to the target is offset ≤ 20° from the Missile Datum Line.

RF Missile Weapon Inhibits

The following conditions will inhibit the RF missiles from being fired. Performance inhibits may be overridden by pulling the trigger to the 2nd detent. Safety inhibits cannot be overridden.

Performance Inhibits

• BAL LIMIT:

  The required weapon aiming solution exceeds the ballistics processing capability.

  • If tactically feasible, engage the target at a closer range.

• PYLON ANGLE:

  The position of the missile launcher(s) is ≥10° from the optimum launch position or the pylon position is unknown.

  • Wait for the missile launchers to reach the optimum launch position.

  • If inhibit message remains, missiles may still be fired but the missile launcher positions should be visually confirmed to ensure the appropriate considerations may be made for a successful engagement.

• PYLON LIMIT (IN FLIGHT):

  The commanded position of the rocket launcher(s) exceeds the pylon articulation limits. (+4° to -15°).

  • Adjust the aircraft pitch attitude as necessary to bring the weapon aiming solution within the articulation range of the wing pylons (e.g., pitch the nose toward the Rocket Steering Cursor).

• RATE LIMIT:

  The pitch, roll, and/or yaw rates are excessive.

  • Stabilize the aircraft attitude prior to launch.

• ROLL LIMIT:

  The roll angle of the aircraft is excessive.

  • Reduce the roll attitude of the aircraft prior to launch.

• SKR LIMIT:

  When the missile is in LOBL mode, the missile seeker has reached a gimbal limit.

  • Adjust the heading or pitch attitude of the aircraft to bring the target within the missile seeker field-of-view.

    (e.g., turn toward the Missile Constraints box).

• YAW LIMIT:

  When the missile is in LOAL mode, the target position relative to the aircraft heading is excessive.

  • Adjust the heading of the aircraft to bring the target position closer to the aircraft centerline.

    (e.g., turn toward the Missile Constraints box).

Safety Inhibits

• ACCEL LIMIT:

  Vertical acceleration is <0.5 G; the main rotor blades may obstruct the trajectory of the missile when fired.

  • Reduce the severity of the current maneuver to increase the positive G load on the aircraft.

• ALT LAUNCH:

  The firing of a rocket salvo is already in progress.

  • The missile may be fired 2 seconds after the rocket salvo is complete.

• GUN OBSTRUCT:

  The gun is out of coincidence from the weapon aiming solution and may obstruct the trajectory of missiles fired from the inboard wing pylons.

  • If tactically feasible, instruct the crewmember that has actioned the gun to de-action in order to permit the firing of missiles.

  • A different missile may be manually selected by setting the Mode to MAN and pressing the Missile Advance button.

• LOS INVALID:

  The line-of-sight of the selected sight is invalid or has failed.

  • Select a different sight for engagement. If using HMD as the sight and the LOS Reticle is flashing, adjust the helmet position to within the slew limits of the assigned NVS sensor (PNVS or TADS).

• MSL NOT RDY:

  No RF missiles have received an inertial alignment from the aircraft.

  A missile has not been selected in MAN mode.

  • Ensure MSL PWR is set to ALL or AUTO to permit RF missiles to receive inertial alignment.

  • Press the Missile Advance button to select the next missile in MAN mode.

• PYLON ERROR:

  The aircraft is on the ground (weight-on-wheels) and the missile launcher positions are unknown.

  • If inhibit message remains, the corresponding wing pylons may have experienced a failure and the missiles should be de-actioned.

• PYLON LIMIT (ON GROUND):

  The commanded position of the missile launcher(s) exceeds the pylon articulation limits. (+4° to -5°).

  • The missiles should be de-actioned.

• SAFE:

  The master armament state is currently set to SAFE; weapons cannot be fired.

  • Set the A/S button on the Armament Panel to ARM.

WPN Missile (MSL) Format – RF Missile Settings

When RF missiles are selected for employment within the crewstation, the WPN page will display RF missile settings when set to MSL format.

1. Missile Power Management Mode. When the Mode is set to NORM, selects the power management setting for all AGM-114L missiles loaded on the aircraft. This setting is common between crewstations.

   • ALL. All RF missiles are powered on. All RF missiles perform an inertial alignment and self-test, and are ready to receive target handovers, but may overheat if left in this state for an extended period.

   • AUTO. Power to RF missiles is automatically managed based on missile inventory quantity. Sub-sets of the missile inventory are powered and aligned in 10-minute intervals. After 10 minutes have elapsed, the missiles are powered off and the next sub-set of the inventory is powered and aligned. This ensures that a portion of the inventory is ready to receive target handovers while mitigating the risk of missiles overheating.

     • If 8 or more RF missiles are loaded, 4 missiles are kept in a “Ready” state.

     • If 4 to 7 RF missiles are loaded, 2 missiles are kept in a “Ready” state.

     • If 2 or 3 RF missiles are loaded, 1 missile is kept in a “Ready” state.

     • If 1 RF missile is loaded, the missile will be powered on to a “Ready” state when either crewstation actions missiles with TYPE (VAB R1) set to RF. If the missiles are de-actioned or if the TYPE is set to SAL, the singular RF missile will be powered off.

   • NONE. All RF missiles are powered off. All RF missiles remain unaligned and are unable to receive target handovers, but are prevented from overheating.

2. LOBL Inhibit. RF missiles are inhibited from emitting radar signals prior to launch. This will prevent AGM- 114L missiles from entering LOBL mode or tracking assigned targets prior to launch.

3. 2nd Target Inhibit. Not implemented.

4. Type Select. Displays the selected missile type for employment. This setting is independent between crewstations and is contextually dependent on the selected sight within the crewstation.

   • SAL. SAL missiles are selected for employment from the crewstation. The High Action Display will display relevant symbology for SAL missile employment and the WPN page will display SAL missile settings when set to MSL format.

     • If the selected sight is set to HMD, SAL is automatically selected as the missile type and crewmember selection will be inhibited.

   • RF. RF missiles are selected for employment from the crewstation. The High Action Display will display relevant symbology for RF missile employment and the WPN page will display RF missile settings when set to MSL format.

     • If the selected sight is set to FCR, RF is automatically selected as the missile type and crewmember selection will be inhibited.

5. Mode Select. Selects the mode of missile inventory management. This setting is common between crewstations.

   • NORM. Missile inventory, power management, and launch sequencing is managed automatically. Missile launches will be alternated between each wing station to maintain center-of-gravity, as appropriate.

     • Missile power management will be in accordance with the MSL PWR selection (VAB L1-L3).

   • MAN. Missile inventory, power management, and launch sequencing is managed manually by the aircrew. Missile launches may lead to asymmetric loading and may cause center-of-gravity issues. Improper power management may lead to missile over-temperature conditions.

     • A single missile is selected and powered. The Missile Advance button on the Collective Mission Grip or the TEDAC Right Handgrip may be used to select the next missile for launch. As each missile is fired, the Missile Advance button must be used to select and power the next missile.

6. RF Missile Icon. Indicates an AGM-114L missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail. The missile icon appearance and text label indicate the operational state and status of the missile.

   ICON	DESC
   	An RF missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail.
   	Missile is in a Standby status while a built-in-test is performed.
   	Missile is powered and indicating it is in an overtemperature status.
   	A solid missile icon is displayed when the WPN page is in MSL format.
   	Missile is powered and in a Ready status.
   	A hollow, white, flashing missile icon indicates the next missile to be fired.
   	Next missile to be fired is in a Tracking status.

7. SAL Missile Icon. Indicates an AGM-114K missile is loaded onto the corresponding missile launcher rail. The missile icon appearance and text label indicate the operational state and status of the missile. (See SAL Missile Type Settings for more information.)

RF Missile Weapon Status Messages

The following messages will be displayed in the High Action Display based on current missile status or weapon page settings when missiles are actioned and the missile type is set to RF.

• HF TOF=##: The remaining time of flight (in seconds) for the next RF missile.
• LOAL MAN: The next-to-launch RF missile is in LOAL mode. Missile management mode is set to MAN.
• LOAL NORM: The next-to-launch RF missile is in LOAL mode. Missile management mode is set to NORM.
• LOBL INHIBIT: LOBL INHIBIT has been enabled on the WPN page. The next-to-launch RF missile is forced to LOAL mode.
• LOBL MAN: The next-to-launch RF missile is in LOBL mode and attempting to acquire a target. Missile management mode is set to MAN.
• LOBL NORM: The next-to-launch RF missile is in LOBL mode and attempting to acquire a target. Missile management mode is set to NORM.
• MSL LAUNCH: A launch has been commanded of the next RF missile.
• MSL TYPE?: Missiles are actioned but no missiles of the selected type (SAL or RF) are available.
• NO ACQUIRE: The next-to-launch missile requires LOBL for a successful engagement but has failed to acquire at target. Launch should not be attempted.
• NO MISSILES: Missiles are actioned but no SAL or RF missiles are available.
• RF MSL TRACK: The next-to-launch missile is in LOBL mode and is tracking a target.
• WEAPON?: The weapon trigger has been pulled but no weapon has been actioned.

Radar-guided Hellfire Engagement (FCR, Ground Targeting Mode)

When employing an RF missile from either crewstation using the FCR, the target data is transferred to the AGM- 114L when the missiles are actioned and an NTS target is selected. When missiles are actioned in the CPG crewstation, the Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage a ground target with an RF missile while using the FCR in GTM to generate a target handover:

1. Sight Select switch – FCR. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Right Handgrip)

2. FCR Mode switch – GTM. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

3. FCR Scan switch – S-SCAN. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

4. NTS (VAB L1) – Select NTS target.

   or

   MPD Cursor Controller/Enter – Select desired target for engagement.

5. WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

6. Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (Cyclic Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

7. Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)

   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.

   • © MSL PWR (VAB R1 or R2) – ALL or AUTO.

8. A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

9. Range source – Verify Radar range is within appropriate engagement range.

   

   Launch Mode Selection (LOBL/LOAL)

   After the target data has been received, the RF missile will automatically select LOBL or LOAL mode based on the nature of the target data itself. (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

   If the missile is attempting to lock on to a target, “LOBL NORM” or “LOBL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display.

   If the missile successfully acquires a target in LOBL mode, “RF MSL TRACK” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field.

   If the missile fails to acquire a target that is moving or is less than 1 kilometer in range, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field. The missile may still be fired in LOAL mode, but the missile may not hit the target. The missiles should be de- actioned to erase the target handover and re- actioned to attempt another target handover.

   If the missile is not attempting to lock on to a target or has failed to acquire a stationary target between 1 and 2.5 kilometer in range, “LOAL NORM” or “LOAL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field.

   

   

10. Weapon Status – Verify “RF MSL TRACK”, “LOAL NORM”, or “LOAL MAN”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    “LOBL INHIBIT” may also be displayed if enabled on the WPN page.

    1. CPG (If CPG) Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

    2. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.

    3. Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.

    4. Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.

11. Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:

    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT

12. Weapon Trigger – Pull. (Cyclic or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

13. Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    When engaging a target with an RF missile in LOAL mode, the Pilot should align the aircraft within launch constraints and the missile should be fired as soon as possible after target handover to the missile.

Radar-guided Hellfire Engagement (FCR, Air Targeting Mode)

When employing an RF missile from either crewstation using the FCR, the target data is transferred to the AGM- 114L when the missiles are actioned and an NTS target is selected. When missiles are actioned in the CPG crewstation, the Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage an airborne target with an RF missile while using the FCR in ATM to generate a target handover:

1. Sight Select switch – FCR. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Right Handgrip)

2. FCR Mode switch – ATM. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

3. FCR Scan switch – S-SCAN. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

4. NTS (VAB L1) – Select NTS target.

   or

   MPD Cursor Controller/Enter – Select desired target for engagement.

5. WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

6. Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (Cyclic Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

7. Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)

   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.

   • © MSL PWR (VAB R1 or R2) – ALL or AUTO.

8. A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

9. Range source – Verify Radar range is within appropriate engagement range.

   

   Launch Mode Selection (LOBL/LOAL)

   After the target data has been received, the RF missile will automatically select LOBL or LOAL mode based on the nature of the target data itself. (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

   If the missile is attempting to lock on to a target, “LOBL NORM” or “LOBL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display.

   If the missile successfully acquires a target in LOBL mode, “RF MSL TRACK” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field.

   If the missile fails to acquire a target that is moving or is less than 1 kilometer in range, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field. The missile may still be fired in LOAL mode, but the missile may not hit the target. The missiles should be de- actioned to erase the target handover and re- actioned to attempt another target handover.

   If the missile is not attempting to lock on to a target or has failed to acquire a stationary target between 1 and 2.5 kilometer in range, “LOAL NORM” or “LOAL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field.

   

   

10. Weapon Status – Verify “RF MSL TRACK”, “LOAL NORM”, or “LOAL MAN”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    “LOBL INHIBIT” may also be displayed if enabled on the WPN page.

11. CPG (If CPG) Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

12. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.

    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.

13. Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no
    Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:

    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT

14. Weapon Trigger – Pull. (Cyclic or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

15. Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    When engaging a target with an RF missile in LOAL mode, the Pilot should align the aircraft within launch constraints and the missile should be fired as soon as possible after target handover to the missile.

Radar-guided Hellfire Engagement (TADS)

When employing an RF missile while using the TADS to generate targeting data, the target is designated by the TADS LRFD for 3 seconds prior to missile launch. TADS LMC and/or IAT targeting modes should be used to assist the CPG in stabilizing the TADS LOS Reticle on the target, which will increase the accuracy of the target data sent to the missile. When missiles are actioned in the CPG crewstation, the Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage a target with an RF missile while using the TADS to generate a target handover:

1. CPG Sight Select switch – TADS. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)
2. CPG WPN Fixed Action Button – Press.

3. CPG (Optional) Determine the appropriate acquisition source (ACQ) for acquiring the target.

   • If the target is visually acquired by either crewmember, set ACQ to PHS or GHS.
   • If the target is stored as a point within the navigational database, set ACQ to the corresponding point.

4. CPG (Optional) SLAVE button – Press, and then press again to de-slave when the TADS has finished slewing.

5. CPG Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)

6. CPG Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)

   • TYPE (VAB R1) – RF.
   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.
   • © MSL PWR (VAB R1 or R2) – ALL or AUTO.

7. CPG Sight Status – Verify “TARGET DATA?” is displayed. (High Action Display)

8. CPG A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

9. CPG If the target or aircraft are moving, engage TADS targeting modes to stabilize the TADS on target.

   • Manual tracking - Engage LMC and
     employ the Sight Manual Tracker.
   • Automatic tracking - Engage IAT.

10. CPG LRFD Trigger – Pull and hold for 3 seconds, 2nd detent, until “TARGET DATA?” is removed from the Sight Status field. (TEDAC Right Handgrip)

    Note

    When “TARGET DATA?” is removed from the Sight Status field, the LRFD trigger may be released.

    

    Launch Mode Selection (LOBL/LOAL)

    After the target data has been received, the RF missile will automatically select LOBL or LOAL mode based on the nature of the target data itself. (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

    If the missile is attempting to lock on to a target, “LOBL NORM” or “LOBL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display.

    If the missile successfully acquires a target in LOBL mode, “RF MSL TRACK” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field.

    If the missile fails to acquire a target that is moving or is less than 1 kilometer in range, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field. The missile may still be fired in LOAL mode, but the missile may not hit the target. The missiles should be de- actioned to erase the target handover and re- actioned to attempt another target handover.

    If the missile is not attempting to lock on to a target or has failed to acquire a stationary target between 1 and 2.5 kilometers in range, “LOAL NORM” or “LOAL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field.

    

11. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “RF MSL TRACK”, “LOAL NORM”, or “LOAL MAN”. (High Action Display) NOTE: “LOBL INHIBIT” may also be displayed if enabled on the WPN page.

12. CPG Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

13. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.

    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.

14. CPG Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:

    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT

15. CPG Weapon Trigger – Pull. (TEDAC Left Handgrip)

16. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    When engaging a target with an RF missile in LOAL mode, the Pilot should align the aircraft within launch constraints and the CPG should fire the missile as soon as possible after the target handover to the missile, signified by “TARGET DATA?” being removed from the Sight Status field of the High Action Display.

    

    

Radar-guided Hellfire Engagement (RF Handover)

When employing an RF missile after receiving an RFHO via the datalink, the RFHO target data is stored as the FCR Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target, even if the receiving AH-64D is not equipped with an FCR itself. When missiles are actioned, the target data is transferred to the AGM-114L. The Missile Constraints Box will also be displayed in the Pilot crewstation to ensure the aircraft is maneuvered to within acceptable launch constraints.

To engage a target with an RF missile while using an RF Handover (RFHO) to generate a target handover:

1. TSD Fixed Action Button – Press.

2. RF Handover (RFHO) – Receive (TSD page)

   • REC (VAB L2) - Select.
   • RFHO (VAB L2-L5) – Select.

3. Sight Select switch – FCR. (Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Right Handgrip)

4. Weapon Action Switch (WAS) – Right. (Cyclic Grip or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

5. Weapon settings – Verify or select. (WPN page)

   • © MODE (VAB R2) – NORM or MAN.
   • © MSL PWR (VAB R1 or R2) – ALL or AUTO.

6. A/S button – Verified in ARM. (Armament Panel)

7. Range source – Verify Radar range is within appropriate engagement range.

   Launch Mode Selection (LOBL/LOAL)

   After the target data has been received, the RF missile will automatically select LOBL or LOAL mode based on the nature of the target data itself. (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

   If the missile is attempting to lock on to a target, “LOBL NORM” or “LOBL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field of the High Action Display.

   If the missile successfully acquires a target in LOBL mode, “RF MSL TRACK” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field.

   If the missile fails to acquire a target that is moving or is less 1 kilometer in range, “NO ACQUIRE” will be displayed in the Weapon Status field. The missile may still be fired in LOAL mode, but the missile may not hit the target. The missiles should be de-actioned to erase the target handover and re-actioned to attempt another target handover.

   If the missile is not attempting to lock on to a target or has failed to acquire a stationary target between 1 and 2.5 kilometers in range, “LOAL NORM” or “LOAL MAN” will be displayed within the Weapon Status field.

   

   

8. Weapon Status – Verify “RF MSL TRACK”, “LOAL NORM”, or “LOAL MAN”. (High Action Display)

   Note

   “LOBL INHIBIT” may also be displayed if enabled on the WPN page.

9. CPG (If CPG) Instruct the Pilot to align the aircraft with the Missile Constraints Box – “Constraints.”

10. PLT Missile Constraints Box – Align toward the HMD LOS Reticle.

    • Running/Diving Fire – Apply cyclic inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.
    • Hover Fire – Apply pedal inputs in the direction of the Missile Constraints Box.

11. Weapon Inhibit messages – Verify no Safety or Performance inhibit messages are displayed:

    • ACCEL LIMIT
    • ALT LAUNCH
    • GUN OBSTRUCT
    • PYLON ERROR
    • BAL LIMIT
    • PYLON ANGLE
    • PYLON LIMIT
    • RATE LIMIT
    • ROLL LIMIT
    • SKR LIMIT
    • YAW LIMIT

12. Weapon Trigger – Pull. (Cyclic or TEDAC Left Handgrip)

13. CPG Weapon Status – Verify “MSL LAUNCH”. (High Action Display)

    Note

    When the crew receives an RF Handover, they should attempt to engage the target as soon as possible after the RFHO notification is annunciated within the cockpit. When engaging a target with an RF missile using an RF Handover, the Pilot should align the aircraft within launch constraints and the missile should be fired as soon as possible after the RFHO has been received and the missiles have been actioned.