Fire Control Radar (FCR)

AN/APG-78 Fire Control Radar

The AN/APG-78 is a short-range fire control radar system that utilizes a high resolution, millimeter-wave radar antenna shrouded within an aerodynamic radome atop the AH-64D’s rotor mast. The APG-78 FCR was designed for anti-armor missions and is optimized for detecting moving vehicles on the battlefield, but is also quite capable of detecting stationary battlefield targets as well as low-flying aircraft.

As the FCR is a sight like the HMD and the TADS, the FCR may be used to employ all three weapon systems of the AH-64D. However, it is not capable of providing guidance to the AGM-114K laser-guided missiles and can only provide target data to the AGM-114L radar-guided missile variants.

FCR Activation

The FCR may be powered from the FCR Utility sub-page or the WPN Utility sub-page (shown to the right) in either crewstation. When powered, the FCR system will perform a Built-In-Test (BIT) for approximately 1 minute, after which it will be available for selection as a sight.

During initial start-up of the aircraft, the state of the Mast- Mounted Assembly (MMA) on the FCR Utility or WPN Utility sub-pages will be set to PINNED. This is to ensure that the external pin that physically locks the MMA in place is confirmed to be in the unlocked position prior to applying power to the FCR. When the MMA state is toggled from PINNED to NORM, the FCR and RFI will automatically perform their respective power-on sequences.

While set to PINNED, FCR power will be inhibited. However, the AN/APR-48 RFI may still be powered to provide warning of air defense radar threats independently of FCR operation.

Employment of the Fire Control Radar in the Battlespace

The APG-78 provides the AH-64D attack helicopter battalion with an organic “aeroscout” capability. By leveraging the AH-64D’s datalink capabilities, multiple teams of AH-64D helicopters can be combined into a unified maneuver force distributed across a large area, which can rapidly gain and maintain situational awareness of the battlefield.

AN/APG-78 Detection and Classification Process

The FCR may be used for targeting, reconnaissance, or low-level obstacle avoidance using one of four modes.

Ground Targeting Mode (GTM). The FCR scans a 90° sector of the battlefield, processes ground and low- flying air targets to a range of 8 kilometers, and displays targets in a PPI format.

Radar Map Mode (RMAP). The FCR scans a 90° sector of the battlefield, processes ground and low-flying air targets to a range of 8 kilometers, and displays targets over a radar-generated surface map in a B-scope format.

Air Targeting Mode (ATM). The FCR scans 360° over the battlefield, processes air targets to a range of 8 kilometers, and displays targets in a PPI format.

Terrain Profile Mode (TPM). The FCR scans a 180° or 90° sector of the terrain directly in front of the aircraft to a range of 2.5 kilometers, and displays terrain obstructions and obstacles in a PPI format.

When searching for ground targets, the FCR can scan up to 50 square kilometers of the battlefield, which could potentially result in more targets than a single crew could prioritize themselves within a reasonable amount of time in combat. The FCR automates the target acquisition process by detecting, classifying, and prioritizing up to 256 targets within seconds of initiating a scan using a single button push by either crewmember. The FCR will scan the selected area of the battlefield, compare any radar signatures it detects with a library of vehicles and aircraft, assign the appropriate target type to each processed target, and then present the 16 highest priority targets to the crew as a “shoot list”, based on the parameters for prioritization the crew has selected. Although the FCR may be used for autonomous targeting, it is most effective when combined with the other sensors and data onboard the AH-64D. The automated detection and classification process allows the crew to highlight areas of the battlefield for subsequent observation through the TADS for the purposes of target identification. This is particularly useful in avoiding fratricide (“friendly fire”) when operating along the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA). (See FCR Acquisition and Ranging for more information.)

Scans and Scanbursts

Like many radar systems, the FCR antenna is mechanically steered to direct the radar beam. As the radar beam is steered in azimuth and elevation, a given volume of 3-dimensional space may be systematically scanned by the radar beam within each scan cycle. This is known as the FCR scan volume and may vary based on the selected FCR mode, selected scan size, and azimuth and elevation settings within the cockpit. The pattern in which the FCR performs each scan cycle of the FCR scan volume will also vary based on the selected FCR mode, as either a 2-bar scan cycle or a 1-bar scan cycle.

2-bar Scan. When the FCR is set to Ground Targeting Mode (GTM) or Radar Map (RMAP) mode, each individual scan cycle consists of a Near bar scan from left to right followed by a Far bar scan from right to left.

1-bar Scan. When the FCR is set to Air Targeting Mode (ATM) and the scan size set to Wide, a single scan cycle consists of a 1-bar scan performed in a 360° clockwise circle around the ownship. When the FCR is set to ATM and any other scan size is selected, or if the FCR is set to Terrain Profile Mode (TPM), a single scan cycle consists of a 1-bar scan from left to right followed by a 1-bar scan from right to left.

Multiple scan cycles of the entire FCR scan volume are performed sequentially in scanbursts, which may be thought of as a series of radar-generated “photographs” of the battlespace. By processing each individual radar scan, or “photograph”, and comparing it to the previous scans within the scanburst, the FCR is capable of accurately correlating targets such as tanks, armored vehicles, trucks, helicopters, or fixed-wing aircraft as they move across the battlefield or within the airspace above it. In addition, radar data correlated between each scan allows the FCR to detect and classify stationary targets more reliably, albeit at a slightly reduced range compared to moving targets. (See FCR Acquisition and Ranging for more information.)

As the selected sight, the FCR may be commanded to perform a single scanburst (S-SCAN) or a continuous scanburst (C-SCAN) using the FCR Scan switch on the Collective Mission Grip or the TEDAC Left Handgrip. Each time the FCR is commanded to perform a new scanburst, the previous radar data of the battlespace is discarded, and new data is generated.

Single Scanburst (S-SCAN). Multiple scans of the FCR scan volume are performed when the FCR Scan switch is momentarily pressed forward to the S-SCAN position. The FCR will only transmit for the duration of a single scanburst and then automatically cease scanning. The number of scan cycles performed within a single scanburst is dependent on the selected scan size.

• Wide Scan Size. 2 scans are performed within a single scanburst; unless the FCR mode is set to ATM and the FCR Scan Size is set Wide, in which case 1 scan will be performed within a single scanburst.

• Medium Scan Size. 2 scans are performed within a single scanburst.

• Narrow Scan Size. 3 scans are performed within a single scanburst.

• Zoom Scan Size. 4 scans are performed within a single scanburst.

Single scanbursts are best used in GTM, RMAP, or ATM when performing target acquisition or engagements.

Continuous Scanburst (C-SCAN). Multiple and continuous scans of the FCR scan volume are performed when the FCR Scan switch is momentarily pressed aft to the C-SCAN position. The FCR will continuously transmit within the selected scan volume until the FCR Scan switch is momentarily pressed to either position to cease scanning, or the crewmember selects a different sight.

Continuous scanbursts are best used in ATM when performing overwatch of the local airspace; or when using TPM to assist in avoiding obstacles and terrain at low altitude during times of darkness or low-visibility conditions.

Azimuth and Elevation Control

The FCR’s radar beam is steered in the horizontal axis by rotating the entire radome left and right using a pair of azimuth servos at the base of the mast-mounted assembly (MMA). The azimuth servo can rotate the entire MMA independently of the de-rotation assembly on which it is mounted through a full 360° range with no restrictions.

The FCR antenna itself is not directly steered in azimuth by the aircrew. The central azimuth of the entire FCR scan volume, known as the “FCR centerline”, is steered by either crewmember if the FCR is the selected sight within the respective crewstation. The FCR centerline may be slewed up to 90° to either side of the aircraft centerline in GTM and RMAP, or a full 360° in ATM.

When the FCR is selected as a sight in either crewstation, or when linked to the TADS by the CPG, the azimuth servo rotates the MMA to align the FCR antenna along the left side of the FCR scan volume in preparation for scanning.

When the FCR is not in use by either crewmember, the MMA is aligned straight ahead, or toward the tail if FCR STOW (VAB R3) is selected on the FCR Utility sub-page.

The FCR’s radar beam is steered in the vertical axis by mechanically adjusting the elevation of the radar antenna itself within the radome housing. The antenna elevation may be adjusted manually in any FCR mode, or it may be set to automatic elevation control when in GTM and RMAP, based on the current altitude above ground level (AGL) as measured by the radar altimeter. However, the antenna elevation may not be adjusted while the FCR is scanning in GTM or RMAP mode.

Pilot FCR Azimuth Controls

As the selected sight in the Pilot crewstation, the FCR centerline is automatically slaved to the Pilot’s acquisition source. The Pilot may steer the FCR centerline using one of two methods:

• Acquisition Source (ACQ). The Pilot may select a different acquisition source from the ACQ selection menu, depending on the tactical situation. Some examples of practical use with the FCR are listed below.

  • FXD. The FCR centerline will be fixed forward and the Pilot may direct the FCR scan volume using the aircraft heading prior to initiating a scanburst.

  • PHS. The FCR centerline will be slaved to the Pilot’s helmet line-of-sight, allowing the Pilot to look in the direction of the desired scan direction and initiate a scanburst.

  • TRN. The FCR centerline will be slaved to a fixed geographical location on the TSD. The Pilot may press CAQ (VAB R5) on the TSD page, cursor-select a map location on the TSD itself, and initiate a scanburst to scan that area of the battlefield (if the location is within the FCR’s scanning range).

  (See Acquisition Sources for more information.)

• Centerline Steering Arrows. The Pilot may utilize the Centerline Steering Arrows on the FCR page to rotate the FCR scan volume left and right. If the Centerline Steering Arrows are used to rotate the FCR centerline, the FCR will be de-slaved from the Pilot’s Acquisition source and will be stabilized relative to the aircraft heading.

  The Pilot may re-enable Slave using either of the following methods:

  • Selecting any acquisition source from the ACQ selection menu, even if the current acquisition source is re-selected.
  • Selecting HMD as the sight using the Sight Select switch on the Collective Mission Grip.

CPG FCR Azimuth Controls

As the selected sight in the CPG crewstation, the FCR centerline may be selectively slaved to the CPG’s acquisition source or manually steered using one of three methods:

• Acquisition Source (ACQ). The CPG may select a different acquisition source from the ACQ selection menu, depending on the tactical situation, as described above.

• Centerline Steering Arrows. The CPG may utilize the Centerline Steering Arrows on the FCR page to rotate the FCR scan volume left and right. If the Centerline Steering Arrows are used to rotate the FCR centerline, the FCR will be de-slaved from the CPG’s Acquisition source and will be stabilized relative to the aircraft heading. The CPG may re-enable Slave by pressing the SLAVE button on the TEDAC Right Handgrip.

• Sight Manual Tracker (MAN TRK). If the FCR is de-slaved from the CPG’s acquisition source, the CPG may manually slew the FCR centerline using the Sight Manual Tracker on the TEDAC Right Handgrip.

FCR Azimuth Stabilization

The FCR centerline may be stabilized relative to the aircraft heading or the current azimuth of the FCR centerline itself, depending on the selected FCR mode and whether the FCR is actively scanning.

• GTM/RMAP. The FCR centerline will be stabilized relative to the aircraft heading when the FCR is not actively scanning. The aircrew may steer the FCR centerline using any of the methods described above. However, any time the FCR is actively scanning, the FCR centerline will become stabilized in azimuth independently of the aircraft heading, and the FCR centerline cannot be steered until the scanning ceases.

• ATM. The FCR centerline will be stabilized relative to the aircraft heading, regardless of whether the FCR is actively scanning. The crew may steer the FCR centerline at any time using any of the methods described above.

FCR Elevation Controls

The FCR antenna is stabilized in elevation, which typically allows the radar beam to remain within the intended FCR scan volume at aircraft attitudes of +20° to -15° in pitch or ±20° in roll without a degradation in scan quality. However, depending on the aircraft altitude above the terrain, the contours of the terrain itself, or the elevation settings, portions of the FCR scan volume may not be reached by the radar beam.

To reduce crew workload when using the FCR in GTM or RMAP mode, the FCR elevation control defaults to an automatic mode, based on the current altitude above ground level (AGL) as measured by the radar altimeter. The automatic elevation mode adjusts the antenna elevation to maintain the 2-bar scan pattern between a range of 500 and 8,000 meters, but this may not be possible at higher altitudes.

FCR Automatic Elevation (flat terrain)

It is important to note that the accuracy of the automatic elevation mode is predicated on the assumption that the intended FCR footprint is at the same elevation as the terrain directly below the aircraft. As this may not always be the case, using the automatic elevation mode should only be performed in areas with minimal terrain relief, such as open plains, non-mountainous deserts, large plateaus, or basins. Automatic elevation mode should not be used when operating over mountains or rolling hills.

FCR Automatic Elevation (elevation difference)

The FCR elevation control mode may be toggled between automatic (AUTO) and manual (MAN) from the FCR Utility sub-page when the FCR is the selected sight and set to GTM or RMAP modes. When set to AUTO, the ELEV (VAB L5) control mode option is displayed on the FCR page as a shortcut to quickly revert to manual elevation control via the arrow buttons (VAB L5/L6) or the Sight Manual Tracker on the CPG’s TEDAC Left Handgrip. When the FCR mode is set to GTM, RMAP, or ATM, the Elevation Scale is displayed on the main FCR page corresponding with the current antenna elevation setting. The Elevation Scale does not indicate the mechanical position of the elevation servo, but rather the elevation of the FCR scan volume relative to the horizontal plane.

GTM/RMAP. The Elevation Scale corresponds with the relative position of the Near bar within the 2-bar scan cycle. The Far bar will be adjusted automatically based on the elevation setting and elevation control mode.

The elevation settings are in 6.25° increments.

GTM/RMAP Elevation Scale

ATM. The Elevation Scale corresponds with the relative position of the 1-bar scan cycle.

The elevation settings are in 5° increments.

ATM Elevation Scale

Target Detection, Classification, and Prioritization

The APG-78 FCR accelerates the process of developing the tactical situation by automatically detecting, classifying, and prioritizing potential targets on the battlefield. In addition, Priority Fire Zones and No Fire Zones may be incorporated within the FCR prioritization process, which seamlessly integrates fire support control measures (FSCM) to distribute or restrict fires within the AH-64D team.

Target Detection

Throughout each scan cycle within a scanburst, radar signatures within the FCR scan volume are determined to be targets of military interest or rejected as false targets due to terrain clutter. This false target rejection uses pre-programmed algorithms based on the terrain characteristics over which the FCR is expected to be operating.

Target Classification

Once a target of military interest is detected, the radar signature is compared to a library of known target types. However, the FCR is not capable of recognizing the target (T-72 or M1A2), nor is it able to identify the coalition affiliation of the target (friend or foe). The target is accordingly classified as one of the following six types:

Tracked Vehicle. T-72, M1A2, BMP-2, M113, etc.

Wheeled Vehicle. BTR-80, M1126, BRDM-2, HMMWV, etc.

Air Defense Vehicle. 2S6, Rapier, ZSU-23-4, Gepard, etc.

Helicopter. Ka-50, AH-64, Mi-8, UH-60, etc.

Fixed-Wing. Su-25, A-10, MiG-29, F-16, etc.

Unknown. Any target that cannot be classified.

(See FCR Target Symbols for more information.) //link

Target Prioritization

Once targets are classified by type, they are ranked according to a series of prioritization parameters, some of which are fixed within the avionics, while others may be adjusted by the crewmembers from within the cockpit. As the targets are ranked, the 16 targets that are ranked at the top of the list are displayed as the “high priority targets” on the FCR and TSD pages, the next 240 ranked targets are displayed on the TSD (when set to ATK phase) as “low priority targets”, and any remaining targets ranked below 256 are not shown at all.

Targets are prioritized based on their positions within activated PFZ’s or NFZ’s, the selected Priority Scheme, target classification, and range from the ownship. The automated target prioritization process consists of 5 parameters and is performed continuously as the FCR scans the battlespace; with target symbol positions updated, added, or removed on each subsequent scan as the High Priority Target List is updated. The first three parameters may be selected by the aircrew, but the last two parameters are fixed within the FCR software.

FCR Target Prioritization Process

1. Active No Fire Zones. The aircrew may selectively activate, deactivate, draw, or delete individual NFZ’s using the TSD Battle Area Management sub-page, which will prevent the FCR from prioritizing any of the targets within the boundaries of the active NFZ’s. However, the targets will still be displayed on the TSD when set to ATK phase, if the appropriate show options are enabled.

   Note

   No Fire Zones take precedence over Priority Fire Zones. Any targets located within an active NFZ and an active PFZ will not be prioritized.

2. Active Priority Fire Zones. The aircrew may selectively activate, deactivate, draw, or delete PFZ’s using the TSD Battle Area Management sub-page, which will elevate the ranking of any target within the boundaries of the active PFZ above all other targets, even those targets outside the PFZ that may pose a greater threat to the aircraft.

3. Priority Scheme. The aircrew may select one of three Priority Schemes on the FCR Utility sub-page. The default Priority Schemes are considered the base level prioritization parameter which are always enabled when employing the FCR in GTM, RMAP, or ATM, even when there are no active PFZ’s or NFZ’s. The Priority Scheme should be selected based on the current tactical situation. (See Priority Schemes for more information.)

   • Default Scheme A. Stationary ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets.

   • Default Scheme B. Stationary ground targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets or airborne targets.

   • Default Scheme C. Moving ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over stationary ground targets.

4. Target Classification. Targets are ranked by their classification in the following order: Air Defense Vehicle, Helicopter, Fixed-Wing, Tracked Vehicle, Wheeled Vehicle, Unknown.

   (See FCR Target Symbols for more information.) //link

5. Target Proximity. Targets that are equally ranked by the first four parameters are ranked in priority by their distance to the ownship. Targets that are closer to the ownship are ranked higher in priority over those that are further away.

Priority Target List

In the example above and to the right (based on the MPD images below), Default Scheme C has been selected, a scanburst has been completed, and a PFZ and an NFZ have been activated within the FCR footprint. Even though the selected Priority Scheme prioritizes moving ground targets and airborne targets over stationary ground targets, the six stationary ground targets within the active PFZ are placed above those outside of the PFZ. The targets inside the active PFZ have been further prioritized by the last three parameters, followed by the targets outside the active PFZ which have been prioritized in the same manner.

When the TSD is set to ATK Phase, low priority targets and any targets within active No Fire Zones are displayed as partial-intensity target symbols, at 50% of the size of high priority target symbols.

FCR Target Prioritization

NTS/ANTS Designation

At the completion of the first scan cycle within the scanburst, or if the first scan is aborted for any reason, the Next-To-Shoot (NTS) and Alternate Next-To-Shoot (ANTS) targets are designated as the first and second priority targets, respectively. The NTS target will be surrounded by a diamond symbol and the ANTS will be surrounded by an inverted triangle symbol.

If the High Priority Target List is updated with new target data as the FCR performs subsequent scan cycles within the scanburst, the NTS and ANTS designations may shift to other targets throughout the scan. However, if a weapon is actioned in the same crewstation that is using the FCR as the selected sight, the NTS designation will become “frozen”. If another target is subsequently detected that is determined to be a higher priority while the NTS is frozen, the ANTS triangle will shift to that target and flash for 3 seconds.

The NTS designates the target handover that will be sent to the next AGM-114L missile, transmitted in the next RF Handover (RFHO), or the 3-dimensional location used to calculate the weapon aiming solution for the Area Weapon System (AWS) or Aerial Rocket Sub-system (ARS).

Next-To-Shoot (NTS)

Alternate Next-To-Shoot (ANTS)

The NTS diamond will remain dashed unless all three of the following criteria are met.

• The FCR is the selected sight within the crewstation.
• A weapon is actioned within the crewstation in which FCR is the selected sight.
• The A/S button on the Armament Panel is set to ARM.

A solid NTS diamond indicates to the crewmember using the FCR as the selected sight that a weapon system is ready to be fired at the current NTS target. Each time an RF missile is fired at the NTS target or an RFHO is transmitted, the NTS and ANTS designations will automatically sequence to the next targets on the High Priority Target List, allowing rapid engagement of the high priority targets by RF missiles fired from the ownship and/or other AH-64D’s receiving RF Handovers.

The NTS and ANTS may be manually sequenced by pressing the NTS button (VAB L1) on the FCR page. Each time this button is pressed, the NTS and ANTS designations will sequence to the next targets on the High Priority Target List in the same manner as when an RF missile is fired or an RFHO is transmitted. When the NTS and ANTS designations reach the end of the High Priority Target List, they will sequence back to the top of the list in a cyclic manner.

(See RF Target Handovers in the Datalink chapter for more information.) //link

NTS Button (VAB L1)

The MPD cursor may also be used to manually designate the NTS target on the FCR page. However, when an NTS target is manually designated in this manner, that target is placed at the top of the High Priority Target List, with every other target shifting down the list as necessary.

If a different target is manually designated as NTS by the MPD cursor, that target is then placed at the top of the High Priority Target List, and the previous target that had been manually designated as NTS is returned to its previous ranking as necessary.

NTS Designation using MPD Cursor

Fire Control Radar (FCR) Page

The FCR page presents radar targeting data and/or terrain video to the crew in a format that is dependent on the selected FCR mode. When set to GTM, RMAP, or ATM, the FCR page displays the 16 highest priority targets that have been detected by the FCR, any of which may be designated for engagement.

1. C-Scope (C SCP). When enabled, FCR symbols are displayed within Flight or Weapon symbology formats in the corresponding crewstation. FCR target symbols, the NTS target symbol, the ANTS target symbol, and SHOT symbols are displayed virtually in azimuth and elevation corresponding with their 3-dimensional positions. This setting is independent between crewstations. (See C-Scope for more information.)
2. FCR Centerline Symbol. Indicates the magnetic heading to which the centerline of the FCR scan volume is aligned. The centerline symbol is only displayed when either crewmember has selected FCR as a sight.
3. FCR Utility sub-page. Displays the FCR Utility sub-page.
4. Heading Tape. Displays a 180° hemisphere of magnetic headings. Major tick marks are displayed in 30° increments and marked by a cardinal direction or heading in the tens value. Minor tick marks are displayed in 10° increments.
5. Lubber Line. The Lubber Line is aligned to the centerline of the aircraft. NOTE: When set to GTM or RMAP mode, FCR target data is presented from the perspective of the FCR centerline during the most recent FCR scanburst, not the aircraft centerline.
6. Total Target Status Window. Indicates the total number of battlefield targets the FCR has detected within the current scan cycle.
7. Next-To-Shoot (NTS) Select. Advances the NTS and ANTS target designations through the 16 high priority targets in a descending order before cycling back to the first target on the list.
8. Zoom Select. Enables the cursor to designate a location within the FCR footprint to enter ZOOM format. When selected, the MPD cursor will be displayed in Zoom format when positioned within the FCR footprint.

9. Centerline Steering Arrows. Rotates the FCR centerline in azimuth, equal to the selected scan size, and de-slaves the FCR centerline from the selected acquisition source.

   • Wide (W). The FCR centerline will rotate 90° in azimuth if the FCR mode is GTM or RMAP.

   • Medium (M). The FCR centerline will rotate 45° in azimuth if the FCR mode is GTM or RMAP. The FCR centerline will rotate 90° in azimuth if the FCR mode is ATM.

   • Narrow (N). The FCR centerline will rotate 30° in azimuth if the FCR mode is GTM or RMAP. The FCR centerline will rotate 90° in azimuth if the FCR mode is ATM.

   • Zoom (Z). The FCR centerline will rotate 15° in azimuth if the FCR mode is GTM or RMAP. The FCR centerline will rotate 45° in azimuth if the FCR mode is ATM.

   When set to GTM or RMAP mode, the FCR centerline will be limited to ±90° to either side of the aircraft centerline and cannot be rotated while the FCR is scanning.

10. FCR TGT format. Displays the FCR Target format.

11. RF Handover (RFHO) Select. Displays a list of Primary members within the selected datalink network that may be selected to receive the RFHO datalink message. (See the RF Target Handovers in the Datalink chapter for more information.) //link

12. Elevation Mode (ELEV). Selects how the FCR antenna elevation will be controlled.

    • AUTO. The FCR antenna will automatically adjust its elevation based on the height above terrain as measured by the radar altimeter. This mode should be used when operating over relatively flat terrain.

    • MAN. The FCR antenna may be manually adjusted within the crewstation in which the FCR is the selected sight. When the mode is set to MAN, arrow buttons will be displayed on the FCR page at VAB L5 and L6 which may be used to adjust the elevation in fixed increments, or the CPG may use the MAN TRK controller on the TEDAC Right Handgrip to smoothly adjust the antenna elevation. However, the antenna elevation may not be adjusted while the FCR is scanning in GTM or RMAP mode. This mode should be used when operating over terrain that varies in elevation.

    Note

    If the FCR elevation mode is set to MAN, the mode may be set back to AUTO on the FCR Utility sub-page.

13. Next-To-Shoot (NTS) Target. The NTS target symbol indicates the designated target location to which all sighting functions of the FCR are performed, or which target will be transmitted via an RFHO. When the first scan within a scanburst is completed, the NTS target symbol is set to the target the FCR has classified as the highest priority; however, the crewmember may manually designate the NTS target using the NTS Select button (VAB L1) or by selecting a target symbol on the FCR page with the MPD cursor. When a weapon is actioned, the NTS target is the target that will be engaged.

    • If the Area Weapon System (AWS) is actioned, the weapon aiming solution for the 30mm gun turret is calculated to the location of the NTS target.

    • If the Aerial Rocket Sub-system is actioned, the Rocket Steering Cursor indicates the weapon aiming solution to the location of the NTS target.

    • If the Hellfire Modular Missile System (HMMS) is actioned, the Missile Constraints Box indicates the target handover position of the NTS target when the RF missile is not tracking the target.

14. Alternate Next-To-Shoot (ANTS) Target. The Alternate NTS target symbol indicates the FCR target that will become Next-To-Shoot (NTS) if the NTS Select button (VAB L1) is pressed or an RF missile is fired at the current NTS target.

    When the first scan within a scanburst is completed, the ANTS target symbol is set to the target the FCR has classified as the second highest priority; however, if a crewmember manually designates a different NTS target using the MPD cursor, the ANTS target symbol will be set to the highest priority target as classified by the FCR.

15. Acquisition (ACQ) Source. Displays the acquisition source selection menu. (See Acquisition Sources in the Tactical Employment chapter for more information.)

16. Elevation Scale. Displays the current elevation setting of the FCR antenna relative to the FCR radome. When set to GTM or RMAP mode, the upper and lower major tick marks correspond to +25° and -25° respectively, the major tick mark in the center corresponds to -6.25°, and each minor tick mark represents an interval of ±6.25°. When set to ATM, the upper and lower major tick marks correspond to +23° and - 12° respectively, the major tick mark in the center corresponds to +3°, and each minor tick mark represents an interval of ±5°.

17. SHOT Symbol. Missile engagement locations are stored to the ownship SHOT file and displayed on the TSD and FCR pages as green X symbols. Missile engagement locations received via the datalink are displayed as partial-intensity green X symbols on the TSD and FCR pages.

    SHOT symbols are displayed over FCR target symbols if a missile engagement is stored after the FCR scan in which the target was detected. If subsequent FCR scans are performed, the SHOT symbol will be displayed under FCR target symbols.

    SHOT symbols represent locations to which an AGM-114 missile has been fired for the purposes of post- attack battle damage assessment (BDA). These symbols do not indicate whether the AGM-114 successfully hit a target nor what target was actually struck by the missile. See TSD SHOT sub-page in the Datalink chapter for more information. //link

18. Current FCR Centerline. Indicates the current azimuth of the FCR centerline when the FCR is powered.

19. High Action Display (HAD). The HAD provides prioritized sight and weapon status messages to the crew for targeting and weapons employment. (See High Action Display in the Helmet-Mounted Display chapter for more information.)
20. Previous FCR Centerline. Indicates the azimuth of the FCR centerline during the most recent scan when the FCR is powered and not scanning. When a new scan is initiated, the Previous FCR Centerline moves to the location of the Current FCR Centerline until the scan is completed.

FCR Zoom Format

The FCR page may be expanded within a designated sector of the FCR footprint by using the ZOOM function, which displays a closer, more detailed view of FCR target symbols located within a small area. When enabled, the selected area within the FCR footprint is enlarged by a 6:1 ratio.

The ZOOM format may be accessed in either crewstation by pressing the ZOOM button (VAB R1) on the FCR page. When ZOOM is pressed, the MPD Zoom cursor is displayed, which represents the relative area of the FCR footprint that will be expanded. Once the MPD Zoom cursor is placed over the desired location, Cursor-Enter may be pressed to enter the FCR ZOOM format. The ZOOM button (VAB R1) may be subsequently de-selected to exit the FCR ZOOM format.

ZOOM selected on FCR page

FCR page in Zoom format

Alternatively, the CPG may directly enter the FCR ZOOM format by pressing the ZOOM button on the TEDAC Right Handgrip. However, this method of entering ZOOM format of the FCR page bypasses the selection of the enlarged area using the MPD Cursor, and the ZOOM format will be centered on the current Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target. The ZOOM format may only be accessed when all three of the following criteria are met.

• The FCR is the selected sight within the crewstation.
• A Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target has been designated by the FCR.
• The FCR is not scanning.

If an FCR scan is initiated while ZOOM is enabled, the FCR page will exit ZOOM format for the duration of the scan and will re-enter ZOOM format when the FCR scan is completed.

FCR Target Format

Pressing the TGT button (VAB L4) displays the FCR page in Target format. The TGT format of the FCR page allows either crewmember to store FCR target locations as Target points within the TGT/THRT partition of the navigational database.

When the TGT format is displayed, cursor-selecting an FCR target symbol on the FCR page will store a Target (TG) point at that FCR target’s location. However, if point indexes T01 through T49 within the TGT/THRT partition are already occupied with point data, Target points can no longer be stored from the FCR TGT format.

Alternatively, the CPG may store the current Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target as a Target (TG) point without entering the FCR TGT format by pressing the STORE/UPDT switch to the STORE position on the TEDAC Left Handgrip while the FCR is the CPG’s selected sight.

1. Store All Targets (ALL). All FCR targets displayed on the FCR page will be stored as Target (TG) points in TGT/THRT point indexes that are not already occupied with point data. If ALL is selected or any FCR target symbol is cursor-selected while the FCR TGT format is displayed, the ALL option is removed.

2. Next Target Point Status Window. Displays the next TGT/THRT point index that is available for storing an FCR target.

3. Stored Target Points Status Window. Displays the TGT/THRT point indexes of each Target point that has been stored from the FCR TGT format.

FCR Utility (UTIL) Sub-Page

The UTIL sub-page allows either crewmember to toggle power to the FCR or RFI systems, adjust the settings of the mast-mounted radome and/or FCR antenna elevation, or change the parameters for target prioritization.

1. RFI Power. Not implemented.
2. RFI Training Mode. Not implemented.
3. RFI Mode. Not implemented.
4. FCR Power. Enables/disables the Fire Control Radar. FCR power will be inhibited if the MMA state (VAB R6) is set to PINNED.
5. FCR Stow. Manually commands the FCR radome to the stow position, rotating the mast-mounted assembly 180° toward the rear, facing aft. If either crewmember is using the FCR as their sight, this option will be “barriered” and unavailable for selection. If either crewmember selects FCR as their sight while the FCR radome is stowed, or if the FCR is linked to the TADS, this option will be automatically de-selected.
6. FCR Lethal Ranges. Not implemented.

7. PRIORITY - Scheme. Selects how the FCR will prioritize targets detected on, or over, the battlefield when the FCR mode is set to GTM, RMAP, or ATM. (See Priority Schemes for more information.)

   • Default Scheme A. Stationary ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets.
   • Default Scheme B. Stationary ground targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets or airborne targets.
   • Default Scheme C. Moving ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over stationary ground targets.

8. PRIORITY - Mission. No function.

9. Elevation Mode. Selects the FCR elevation control mode when the FCR mode is set to GTM or RMAP.

   • AUTO. The FCR antenna will automatically adjust its elevation based on the altitude above terrain as measured by the radar altimeter. This mode should be used when operating over relatively flat terrain.

   • MAN. The FCR antenna may be manually adjusted within the crewstation in which the FCR is the selected sight. When the mode is set to MAN, arrow buttons will be displayed on the FCR page which may be used to adjust the elevation in fixed increments, or the CPG may use the MAN TRK controller on the TEDAC Right Handgrip to smoothly adjust the antenna elevation. This mode should be used when operating over terrain that varies in elevation.

10. Terrain Settings. Configures terrain processing settings for rejecting false targets and ground clutter. (N/I)

11. Mast-Mounted Assembly (MMA) State. Sets the current state of the mast-mounted assembly.

    • NORM. Permits the FCR to be powered. The MMA may be rotated.

    • PINNED. Inhibits the FCR from being powered. The MMA cannot rotate. When toggling the MMA state from PINNED to NORM, the FCR and RFI will be initialized automatically.

FCR Sight Status Messages

The following status messages pertain to the use of the FCR as the selected sight within the crewstation.

• FCR NOT INSTALLED.

  The FCR is not installed.

• FCR NOT READY.

  The FCR has been powered and is performing a Built-In-Test.

• FCR XMIT.

  The FCR is transmitting.

• FIXED.

  The FCR centerline is slaved to the Fixed forward position.

  Use an FCR arrow button or (CPG only) press the SLAVE button to de-slave the FCR turret, if required.

• MMA PINNED.

  The Mast Mounted Assembly is set to a PINNED state; the FCR cannot be powered.

  Either crewmember should toggle the MMA to NORM on the FCR Utility or WPN Utility sub-pages, if required to use the FCR for reconnaissance or targeting.

FCR Weapon Status Messages

The following status messages pertain to the use of the FCR as the selected sight within the crewstation.

• DEF SCHEME A.

  Default Priority Scheme A has been selected and no weapon is actioned in the crewstation.

  None action required. Stationary ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets.

• DEF SCHEME B.

  Default Priority Scheme B has been selected and no weapon is actioned in the crewstation.

  None required. Stationary ground targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets or airborne targets.

• DEF SCHEME C.

  Default Priority Scheme C has been selected and no weapon is actioned in the crewstation.

  None required. Moving ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over stationary ground targets.

FCR Target Symbols

The following FCR target symbols will be displayed on the FCR page, or within the HMD and TADS symbology when C-Scope is enabled within the crewstation. Each symbol represents an object that the FCR has detected and determined to be of military interest, with the symbol corresponding to the target classification.

TARGET TYPE	MOVING (500-8000 METERS)	STATIONARY (500-1500 METERS)	STATIONARY (1500-8000 METERS)
TRACKED VEHICLE
WHEELED VEHICLE
AIR DEFENSE VEHICLE
UNKNOWN
HELICOPTER
FIXED-WING

FCR target symbols may be displayed in partial-intensity yellow to represent stale FCR targeting data. Stale FCR symbols represent tactical information that has likely changed since the completion of the most recent scan.

Moving target symbols will become stale 5 seconds after the completion of the most recent scan in which the target was detected.

Stationary target symbols will become stale 30 seconds after the completion of the most recent scan in which the target was detected.

Note

The FCR is not capable of target identification, and therefore cannot determine if a target is friendly or enemy. As such, all targets detected by the FCR are displayed as an unknown affiliation. Battlefield intelligence, fire support coordination measures (FSCM), and target identification through other means (such as the TADS) should be utilized before employing munitions against unknown targets on the battlefield.

C-Scope

Selecting the C SCP button (VAB T1) on the FCR page or the C-Scope button on the TEDAC Right Handgrip displays FCR target symbols, NTS and ANTS symbols, and SHOT symbols as virtual symbology elements within the crewmember’s symbology overlays. C-Scope symbols will be overlaid within the crewmember’s HMD Flight symbology, or within the CPG’s Weapon symbology, at their true positions relative to the crewmember’s HMD or TADS line-of-sight, as virtual representations of locations “out-the-window”.

C-Scope increases the aircrew’s situational awareness by fusing FCR target data with TADS sensor video and allowing either crewmember to see a virtual representation of battlefield targets through their helmet displays. This capability is particularly useful when receiving FCR target data through the datalink from an FCR-equipped AH-64D, in which target locations may be viewed while still masked behind terrain, allowing the receiving aircrew to easily gain situational awareness of the battlefield before unmasking their own aircraft from behind cover.

In addition, C-Scope symbols are also overlaid on either crewmember’s video sources when viewed on the VID page with VSEL (VAB T6) selected. As an example, if the CPG has enabled C SCP and is viewing a target through the TADS that has also been detected and classified by the FCR, the Pilot will see the corresponding FCR target symbol overlaid within the TADS video while viewing the TADS video source, even if C SCP is not enabled in the Pilot crewstation. Since the TADS is being employed from a crewstation in which C SCP is enabled, the other crewstation will see the video source as represented from the crewstation in which it is being sourced, regardless of whether C SCP is enabled or disabled in the crewstation viewing the video source.

FCR Modes

The four FCR modes leverage the capabilities of the APG-78 radar as a sight for targeting and weapons employment against ground and air targets, reconnaissance of enemy positions, or avoidance of terrain and obstacles during low-visibility conditions. There is no direct indication as to which FCR mode has been selected; however, the FCR page will change format based on the currently selected FCR mode.

Ground Targeting Mode (GTM)

GTM is used to detect and classify ground vehicles and low-flying aircraft, which are displayed in a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) format. When the FCR is scanning in GTM, the FCR centerline will be stabilized in azimuth, independently of the aircraft heading, as indicated by the FCR Centerline Symbol along the bottom of the Heading Tape.

GTM is interchangeable with RMAP mode, in that a scanburst performed in one mode may be viewed in the format of the other after the scanburst is complete. GTM is the default FCR mode upon power-up.

1. FCR Footprint. The entire FCR Footprint represents the size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed right to the “W” position. A Wide scan size will encompass a 90° sector of the battlefield, 45° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
2. Medium Scan Size Tick Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed down to the “M” position. A Medium scan size will encompass a 45° sector of the battlefield, 22.5° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
3. Narrow Scan Size Tick Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed left to the “N” position. A Narrow scan size will encompass a 30° sector of the battlefield, 15° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
4. Zoom Scan Size Tick Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed up to the “Z” position. A Zoom scan size will encompass a 15° sector of the battlefield, 7.5° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
5. FCR Centerline. Indicates the center of the FCR scan sector within the FCR Footprint.
6. Scan Wiper. Displays the position of the FCR antenna within the FCR scan sector when performing a scan. The FCR Scan Wiper will be displayed in White when performing a single scanburst or displayed in Green when performing a continuous scanburst.
7. Activated PFZ. Displays the boundaries of an activated Priority Fire Zone (PFZ) in relation to the FCR footprint. All FCR targets detected within an activated PFZ will out-prioritize any targets detected outside the activated PFZ, regardless of the target classification or the selected Priority Scheme on the FCR Utility sub-page. (See Battle Area Management in the Datalink chapter for more information.)
8. Activated NFZ. Displays the boundaries of an activated No Fire Zone (NFZ) in relation to the FCR footprint. All FCR targets detected within an activated NFZ will not be prioritized nor shown on the FCR page. However, targets within activated NFZ’s will still be displayed on the TSD page when set to ATK phase, if enabled on the SHOW sub-page. (See Battle Area Management in the Datalink chapter for more information.) NOTE: No Fire Zones take precedence over overlapping Priority Fire Zones, in that any FCR targets that are detected within an activated PFZ and an activated NFZ will not be prioritized or shown on the FCR page.
9. Range Marks. Indicates the distance from the ownship on either side of the FCR scan sector in 2-kilometer increments, at 1 km, 3 km, 5 km, and 7 km.
10. Range Arcs. Indicates the distance from the ownship within the FCR scan sector in 2-kilometer increments, at 2 km, 4 km, and 6 km.

Tactical Employment of GTM

When the FCR is employed using Ground Targeting Mode, targeting information is presented in a decluttered 90° sector PPI format from the perspective of the FCR centerline. This provides an easy to interpret “photograph” of the battlespace within the FCR scan volume, to include a combined prioritization of ground and low-flying air targets, along with any activated Priority Fire Zone (PFZ) and No Fire Zones (NFZ).

However, unlike RMAP, GTM does not provide any indication of radar “dead space” due to terrain obstructions, nor does it provide any direct feedback that the FCR antenna elevation is too high or too low for the intended area to be scanned.

FCR Target Handovers (GTM/RMAP)

When engaging targets with AGM-114L radar-guided missiles, the FCR does not provide direct guidance to the missiles themselves prior to, or after, the missiles are launched. Rather, the FCR provides the missile with a target handover sent to the missile via the launcher umbilical, which includes the target’s position and whether it is moving or stationary. The missile’s onboard active radar seeker acquires the target using this information, either before launch while still on the launcher rail (LOBL mode), or after launch while already in flight (LOAL mode). (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

When committing to an engagement of ground or air targets using the FCR as the selected sight, it is ideal to perform a single scanburst to gather an updated “photograph” of the battlefield just prior to actioning a weapon system, especially if presented with stale targeting data on the FCR page, which represents tactical information that has likely changed since the completion of the most recent scan. (See FCR Target Symbols for more information.)

When a Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target has been designated by the FCR and missiles are actioned in the same crewstation that is employing the FCR as the selected sight, the next-to-launch AGM-114L missile receives a target handover of the NTS target. Any time the FCR designates a new NTS target, a different NTS target is selected by the crewmember, or the missiles are de-actioned and subsequently actioned again, a new target handover is sent to the next-to-launch AGM-114L missile with the most recent target information.

FCR Priority Schemes (GTM/RMAP)

Three Priority Schemes may be selected on the FCR Utility sub-page which affects how targets are prioritized by the FCR in GTM, RMAP, or ATM. These Priority Schemes reflect different tactical situations that may be encountered by the AH-64D team and allow FCR-equipped aircraft within the team to react to changes on the battlefield in real-time.

• Default Scheme A. Stationary ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets.

• Default Scheme B. Stationary ground targets will be prioritized over moving ground targets or airborne targets.

• Default Scheme C. Moving ground targets and airborne targets will be prioritized over stationary ground targets.

Three tactical scenarios are described on the following page to illustrate the potential applicability of each Priority Scheme when employing the FCR in GTM or RMAP mode. However, these scenarios are generalized and do not encompass the entirety of how the Priority Schemes may be applied to a given tactical situation. For information regarding Priority Schemes when employing the FCR in ATM, see the Air Targeting Mode section within this chapter.

Scenario 1. Performing an attack against a stationary armor force that is supported by armed helicopters, in which the AH-64D team must provide its own protection against air defense threats and aircraft.

In such a scenario, it is anticipated that any air defense units accompanying the enemy armor force will be deployed in a defensive posture and must be destroyed at the outset of an engagement to ensure the survival of the AH-64D team. If enemy helicopters are detected, these aircraft must be subsequently targeted by the AH- 64D team prior to engaging the enemy armor.

Priority Scheme A

Scenario 2. Performing an attack against a stationary armor force in which the AH-64D team must provide its own protection against air defense threats, while supported by friendly counter-air assets or a second AH-64D team that is assigned to provide protection against enemy aircraft.

In such a scenario, it is anticipated that any air defense units accompanying the enemy armor force will be deployed in a defensive posture and must be destroyed at the outset of an engagement to ensure the survival of the AH-64D team. If enemy helicopters are present, these units shall be engaged by other friendly aircraft or a second AH-64D team assigned to provide support against such threats, which allows the primary AH-64D team to focus their firepower against the enemy armor.

Priority Scheme B

Scenario 3. Performing an attack against a moving armor force that is supported by air defenses and/or armed helicopters, in which the AH-64D team must provide its own protection against enemy aircraft, while supported by friendly SEAD assets or a second AH-64D team that is assigned to engage stationary air defense threats.

In such a scenario, it is anticipated that air defense units and helicopters will be accompanying the enemy armor force and must be destroyed at the outset of an engagement to ensure the survival of the AH-64D team. If any of the enemy air defenses are deployed in a stationary defensive posture to cover the movement of the enemy armor force, these air defenses shall be engaged by other friendly aircraft or a second AH-64D team assigned to provide support against such threats, which allows the primary AH-64D team to focus their firepower against the enemy armor and/or helicopters.

Priority Scheme C

These scenarios are just a few among many potential tactical situations the AH-64D team may face. Depending on the composition of the AH-64D team(s), the engagement plan for the mission, friendly support assets such as artillery or fixed-wing aircraft, and the disposition and actions of the enemy forces, each FCR-equipped AH-64D may need to adjust Priority Schemes during the mission to adapt to the evolving battlefield conditions.

Radar Map Mode (RMAP)

RMAP is used to detect and classify ground vehicles and low-flying aircraft, which are displayed in a B-Scope format along with a radar-generated terrain map underlaid below the FCR target symbols. When the FCR is scanning in RMAP, the FCR centerline will be stabilized in azimuth, independently of the aircraft heading, as indicated by the FCR Centerline Symbol along the bottom of the Heading Tape.

The brightness of the terrain video underlay may be adjusted independently of the primary symbology displayed on the MPD using the VID knob. Re-selecting RMAP using the FCR mode switch on the Collective Mission Grip or the TEDAC Left Handgrip when the FCR mode is already set to RMAP will toggle the terrain video underlay on the FCR page. The RMAP terrain video will take priority over any video underlay that has been selected on the VID page. If the RMAP terrain video is disabled, the video underlay selected on the VID page will be displayed.

RMAP mode is interchangeable with GTM, in that a scanburst performed in one mode may be viewed in the format of the other after the scanburst is complete. When the FCR mode is set to RMAP, activated Fire Zones (PFZ’s and NFZ’s) are not displayed on the FCR page.

1. FCR Footprint. The entire FCR Footprint represents the size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed right to the “W” position. A Wide scan size will encompass a 90° sector of the battlefield, 45° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
2. Medium Scan Size Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed down to the “M” position. A Medium scan size will encompass a 45° sector of the battlefield, 22.5° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
3. Narrow Scan Size Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed left to the “N” position. A Narrow scan size will encompass a 30° sector of the battlefield, 15° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
4. Zoom Scan Size Marks. Indicates the relative azimuth size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed up to the “Z” position. A Zoom scan size will encompass a 15° sector of the battlefield, 7.5° to either side of the FCR Centerline, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
5. FCR Centerline. Indicates the center of the FCR scan sector within the FCR Footprint.
6. Scan Wiper. Displays the position of the FCR antenna within the FCR scan sector when performing a scan. The FCR Scan Wiper will be displayed in White when performing a single scanburst or displayed in Green when performing a continuous scanburst.
7. Range Marks. Indicates the distance from the ownship on the left side of the FCR scan sector in 2-kilometer increments, at 1 km, 3 km, 5 km, and 7 km.
8. Range Lines. Indicates the distance from the ownship within the FCR scan sector in 2-kilometer increments, at 2 km, 4 km, and 6 km.

Tactical Employment of RMAP

The FCR-generated terrain map displayed in RMAP mode allows the crew to identify significant terrain features or radar-reflective man-made infrastructure that may not be readily visible to the naked eye or optical sensors. In addition, radar “dead space” may be identified, allowing the crew to determine which areas of the battlefield cannot be seen by the aircraft sensors due to high terrain or defilade. This may indicate areas of potential enemy positions that remain unseen, whether it be due to terrain obstructions or because the FCR scan volume is outside the displayed FCR footprint, requiring a manual adjustment of the FCR antenna elevation.

FCR Antenna Elevation

When operating over mountains or rolling hills in which the automatic elevation mode may not result in the intended area of the battlefield being scanned by the FCR, the RMAP terrain video provides the crew with a visual indication as to which areas of the battlefield are actually within the FCR scan volume.

FCR Antenna Elevation is set too high

FCR Antenna Elevation is set too low

When an FCR scanburst is performed which results in a horizontal band of no terrain video that runs along the bottom of the FCR footprint, the FCR antenna elevation is set too high. If a horizontal band of no terrain video runs along the top of the FCR footprint, the FCR antenna elevation is set too low. In either case, the FCR elevation control should be set to manual mode and manually adjusted before attempting another scanburst. (See FCR Elevation Controls for more information.)

Battlefield Analysis

Radar Map mode allows the crew to view FCR-detected targets within the overall context of the battlefield and perform terrain analysis. When the FCR radome is unmasked and a scanburst is performed, the process of detection, classification, and prioritization of targets is performed in the same manner as with Ground Targeting Mode (GTM), which will present the 16 highest priority targets on the FCR page. However, with the addition of the terrain video underlay in RMAP mode, the crew can gain better understanding as to how the targets are arrayed across the battlefield amongst significant terrain features such as roads, rivers, hills, or urban areas.

Areas of terrain that are not visible to the radar, known as “dead space”, will be shaded black like a shadow cast across the terrain. Depending on the amount of intelligence the crew has received prior to the mission regarding the location of enemy positions, these areas should be regarded as potentially unknown enemy positions.

RMAP Battlefield Analysis

In the example on this page, if the crew intended to advance toward the small hill 3.5 kilometers away, identified by the radar shadow cast beyond the hill itself, the crew could anticipate crossing several sets of wire obstacles while enroute to their next battle position. This real-time terrain analysis, in conjunction with charts, satellite imagery, topographic color banding, and pre-plotted hazards, control measures, and threats on the Tactical Situation Display (TSD) page, provides the crew with a wealth of information within the cockpit for building situational awareness of the battlefield before unmasking to re-position the helicopter or engage enemy targets.

Air Targeting Mode (ATM)

ATM is used to detect and classify helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, which are displayed in a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) format. When the FCR is scanning in ATM, the FCR centerline will be stabilized to the aircraft heading, as indicated by the FCR Centerline Symbol along the bottom of the Heading Tape.

When the FCR mode is set to ATM mode from GTM or RMAP, any existing FCR targets and/or terrain map data that was generated from GTM or RMAP modes are deleted. Accordingly, when the FCR mode is set to GTM or RMAP mode from ATM, any existing FCR targets generated while in ATM are deleted.

The image below illustrates the FCR page when set to ATM mode and the scan size is set to Wide. When the ATM scan size is set to Medium, Narrow, or Zoom, a solid line will be displayed in the center of the FCR footprint itself to represent the current FCR centerline.

1. FCR Footprint. The entire FCR Footprint represents the relative size of the FCR scan sector if the FCR Scan Size switch were pressed right to the “W” position. A Wide scan size will encompass the entire 360° of airspace around the ownship, to a maximum range of 8 kilometers.
2. Centerline Reference Indicators. Displays reference positions relative to the aircraft centerline at the 12 o’clock, 3 o’clock, 6 o’clock, and 9 o’clock positions.
3. Scan Wiper. Displays the position of the FCR antenna within the FCR scan sector when performing a scan. The FCR Scan Wiper will be displayed in White when performing a single scanburst or displayed in Green when performing a continuous scanburst.
4. Activated PFZ. Displays the boundaries of an activated Priority Fire Zone (PFZ) in relation to the FCR footprint. All FCR targets detected within an activated PFZ will out-prioritize any targets detected outside the activated PFZ, regardless of the target classification. (See Battle Area Management in the Datalink chapter for more information.)
5. Activated NFZ. Displays the boundaries of an activated No Fire Zone (NFZ) in relation to the FCR footprint. All FCR targets detected within an activated NFZ will not be prioritized nor shown on the FCR page. However, targets within activated NFZ’s will still be displayed on the TSD page when set to ATK phase, if enabled on the SHOW sub-page. (See Battle Area Management in the Datalink chapter for more information.) NOTE: No Fire Zones take precedence over overlapping Priority Fire Zones, in that any FCR targets that are detected within an activated PFZ and an activated NFZ will not be prioritized or shown on the FCR page.
6. Range Lines. Indicates the distance from the ownship within the FCR scan sector in 2-kilometer increments, at 2 km, 4 km, and 6 km.
7. Tail Blanking Indicator. Indicates the sector of the FCR scan that has been obstructed by the vertical tail.
8. Altitude Status Window. Indicates the upper and lower altitudes above ground level (AGL) that the FCR scan volume encompasses at the maximum FCR range of 8 kilometers.

Tactical Employment of ATM

When the FCR is employed using Air Targeting Mode, targeting information is presented in a 360° PPI format centered on the ownship and oriented relative to the aircraft heading. This provides a top-down overlay of the surrounding airspace and any rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft detected within 8 kilometers of the ownship.

When scanning in Air Targeting Mode, the FCR utilizes a 1-bar scan pattern at a constant elevation setting that is stabilized to the horizontal plane. Unlike GTM or RMAP, ATM does not utilize an automatic elevation mode. As such, when ATM mode is selected, the FCR elevation mode will be set to manual (MAN) on the FCR Utility sub- page and cannot be changed. Additionally, the FCR centerline remains stabilized relative to the aircraft heading while scanning, allowing the crew to scan a specific airspace sector relative to the AH-64D’s flight path or position.

Target Update Rate

Although a Wide scan size allows an FCR-equipped AH-64D to monitor the local airspace in a 360° search pattern (excluding the tail blanking area under certain conditions), it is not ideal for target engagements. When engaging an air target while using the FCR as the selected sight, a smaller scan size is more ideal due to the increased rate at which the target’s position and velocity is updated within the FCR scan volume.

The target update rate for each FCR scan size is listed below, which may vary for scan sizes other than Wide, depending on whether the target is in the center of the scan volume or near the edge.

• Wide scan size (360°) – 6 seconds.
• Narrow scan size (90°) – 1.5 to 3 seconds.
• Medium scan size (180°) – 3 to 6 seconds.
• Zoom scan size (45°) – 0.75 to 1.5 seconds.

Vertical Dimensions of Scan Volume

The default elevation setting when the FCR is set to ATM is +3°, which will align the lower limit of the FCR vertical scan volume with the altitude of the aircraft; or more precisely, the altitude of the FCR radome itself.

ATM Vertical Scan Volume

If an aircraft is detected by the FCR that is approaching at a constant altitude, the aircrew can expect the aircraft to exit the FCR scan volume as the range decreases. At closer ranges to an air target, the elevation of the FCR will likely need to be adjusted more frequently to account for the differences in altitude and relative position.

FCR Target Handovers (ATM)

When engaging air targets with AGM-114L radar-guided missiles, the FCR does not provide direct guidance to the missiles themselves prior to, or after, the missiles are launched. Rather, the FCR provides the missile with a target handover sent to the missile via the launcher umbilical, which includes the target’s position and whether it is moving or stationary (in the case of a hovering helicopter). The missile’s onboard active radar seeker acquires the target using this information, either before launch while still on the launcher rail (LOBL mode), or after launch while already in flight (LOAL mode). (See RF LOBL/LOAL Selection Logic for more information.)

When committing to an engagement of an air target using the FCR as the selected sight, it is ideal to perform a single scanburst along the azimuth of intended target of engagement with the scan size set to Narrow or Zoom. This will gather an updated position of the air target just prior to actioning a weapon system.

When a Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target has been designated by the FCR and missiles are actioned in the same crewstation that is employing the FCR as the selected sight, the next-to-launch AGM-114L missile receives a target handover of the NTS target. Any time the FCR designates a new NTS target, a different NTS target is selected by the crewmember, or the missiles are de-actioned and subsequently actioned again, a new target handover is sent to the next-to-launch AGM-114L missile with the most recent target information.

Unless engaging a stationary, hovering helicopter that is beyond a range 2.5 kilometers, the AGM-114L will enter LOBL mode after receiving the target handover from the FCR and attempt to acquire the air target. Due to the greater velocity and maneuverability of aircraft compared to ground vehicles, the likelihood of a successful engagement is much greater if the AGM-114L is launched after the missile seeker has acquired the air target.

FCR Priority Schemes (ATM)

Three Priority Schemes may be selected on the FCR Utility sub-page which affects how targets are prioritized by the FCR in GTM, RMAP, or ATM. These Priority Schemes reflect different tactical situations that may be encountered by the AH-64D team and allow FCR-equipped aircraft within the team to react to changes on the battlefield in real-time.

• Default Scheme A. Stationary helicopters will be prioritized over moving helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft.

• Default Scheme B. Stationary helicopters will be prioritized over moving helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft.

• Default Scheme C. Moving helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft will be prioritized over stationary helicopters.

Note

Although fixed-wing aircraft are included in the target prioritization logic, the AH-64D is not equipped with munitions that are ideal for engaging high-speed aircraft.

Two tactical scenarios are described below to illustrate the potential applicability of each Priority Scheme when employing the FCR in Air Targeting Mode. However, these scenarios are generalized and do not encompass the entirety of how the Priority Schemes may be applied to a given tactical situation.

For information regarding Priority Schemes when employing the FCR in GTM or RMAP, see the Ground Targeting Mode section within this chapter.

Scenario 1. Performing an attack against an enemy armor force that is supported by armed helicopters, in which an FCR-equipped AH-64D is tasked to provide protection for the AH-64D team against enemy helicopters that favor hovering attack techniques.

In a scenario in which enemy helicopters are expected to employ hovering attacks from stationary battle positions and bounding when repositioning between battle positions, target priorities will be focused on helicopters that are stationary over the battlefield. If enemy helicopters are detected to be stationary in a hover, these aircraft are prioritized for targeting over aircraft that are moving across the battlefield.

Priority Scheme A or B

Scenario 2. Performing an attack against an enemy armor force that is supported by armed helicopters, in which an FCR-equipped AH-64D is tasked to provide protection for the AH-64D team against enemy helicopters that favor high-speed attack techniques.

In a scenario in which enemy helicopters are expected to employ high-speed moving, pop-up, or diving attacks, target priorities will be focused on helicopters that are moving over the battlefield. If enemy aircraft are detected inbound with a positive closure rate toward the ownship, these aircraft are prioritized for targeting over aircraft that are flying away from the ownship or are in a stationary hover.

Priority Scheme C

FCR Acquisition And Ranging

The FCR cannot recognize specific vehicle types or equipment on the battlefield, nor identify whether targets are friend or foe; however, the wide area search capability of the FCR allows the crew to efficiently direct the optical sensors of the TADS for such purposes. Alternatively, during periods of limited visibility, the FCR C-Scope function can directly aid the CPG in acquiring targets within the TADS field-of-view by performing a narrow scanburst along the same line-of-sight and overlaying virtual target symbols within the TADS sensor video.

The key advantage in using the FCR for initial detection and classification of targets is its ability to scan 50 square kilometers of the battlefield within seconds, while simultaneously performing an initial classification of each target of military interest that is detected within the FCR scan volume. Performing the same task while using optical sensors would require a significantly longer period of time and would be further constrained by the narrow aperture of the optical sensors themselves, the relative size and aspect angle of each target, the time of day, and visibility conditions. Enemy forces that pose a direct threat to the aircraft, but are unknowingly outside the optical sensor’s field- of-view, may go unnoticed until the aircraft is under attack.

Detection, Classification, & Identification of Targets

Generally speaking, FCR scan sizes are best utilized in the following manner.

• Initial detection and classification of targets within the battlespace: Wide/Medium scan size.
• Target acquisition and weapons engagement: Narrow/Zoom scan size.

As with most tactical situations, many variables may determine the ideal FCR mode and scan patterns. Factors such as terrain, anticipated enemy positions or movement on the battlefield, proximity of friendly forces, and the maneuvering of the AH-64D team itself will play significant roles in determining the ideal FCR scan size, whether Priority Fire Zones or No Fire Zones should be activated, and which FCR Priority Scheme should be employed.

Additional details regarding the employment of the FCR for target acquisition are listed below.

• Although the maximum detection range of the FCR is 8 kilometers, the FCR alone will only process and display stationary ground target symbols within a range of 6 kilometers.
• The FCR page is used for controlling and employing the Fire Control Radar as a sight. As such, it is limited to displaying the 16 high priority targets as the crewmember’s “shoot list”, which will remain frozen at the completion of the scanburst for ease of designation, engagement, and post-engagement BDA.
• Target point T50 may be placed at the location of an FCR target and simultaneously set as the crewmember’s acquisition source by selecting CAQ (VAB R5) on the TSD page and cursor-selecting an FCR target symbol on the TSD itself. This may be used to acquire a low priority target that is not displayed on the FCR page.

Acquisition Sources

The use of acquisition sources can reduce the time necessary to bring the FCR towards the intended FCR scan area. This is particularly useful when leveraging the FCR’s area detection and classification capabilities to rapidly highlight potential target positions or increase situational awareness. When target locations are already detected using another sensor onboard the aircraft (to include visual detection by either crewmember), setting that sensor as the acquisition source and enabling the SLAVE function increases the efficiency of target acquisition using an FCR scanburst; especially when using narrow scan sizes.

Acquisition sources also reduce the amount of verbal communications and coordination of sensors that must occur between the crewmembers, which increases combat efficiency. In contrast to target handovers to either crewmembers’ HMD or the CPG’s TADS, which require less specificity due to their line-of-sight in the vertical plane, target handovers to the FCR are more reliant on correct target descriptions and range estimations since a single FCR scan may generate multiple targets along a given azimuth.

Examples of efficient target handovers to the FCR utilizing acquisition sources are listed below.

“Gunner, target, Pilot helmet sight. Tracked armor moving at 4 kilometers.”

“Pilot, target, TADS. Enemy helicopter inbound, on the horizon.”

In either case, the crewmember using the FCR as their sight simply selects the announced source of target information as the acquisition source (and in the case of the CPG, enables SLAVE), slewing the FCR centerline directly to the location of the intended target(s).

Acquisition sources listed below will command the FCR centerline to a specific azimuth relative to the aircraft nose, but will not restrict the FCR scan size nor will it prevent any other targets from being prioritized within the selected FCR scan volume.

• PHS. Pilot Helmet Sight; commands the FCR centerline to the azimuth of the Pilot’s helmet. May be used to direct the FCR to the location designated by the Pilot’s HMD LOS Reticle.

• GHS. Gunner Helmet Sight; commands the FCR centerline to the azimuth of the Copilot/Gunner’s helmet. May be used to direct the FCR to the location designated by the CPG’s HMD LOS Reticle.

• SKR. Seeker; commands the FCR centerline to the azimuth of the next-to-shoot AGM-114 missile seeker. May be used to direct the FCR to the target location that is currently being tracked by the next-to-shoot AGM-114 missile.

• FXD. Fixed forward; commands the FCR centerline to align with the Armament Datum Line (ADL) at 0° in azimuth.

• TADS. Target Acquisition Designation Sight; commands the FCR centerline to the azimuth of the TADS turret. May be used to direct the FCR to the location designated by the TADS sensor.

• W##, H##, C##, T##. Waypoint, Hazard, Control Measure, or Target/Threat point; commands the FCR centerline to the coordinates of the selected point within the navigation database. May be used to direct the FCR to a pre-planned, stored, or transmitted location for reconnaissance, target acquisition, or weapons engagement; or re-acquisition if line-of-sight was lost.

• TRN. Terrain point; commands the FCR centerline to the coordinates of the selected terrain point within the navigation database. May be used to direct the FCR to a cursor-selected location on the TSD that is not associated with an existing Waypoint, Hazard, Control Measure, or Target/Threat point for reconnaissance, target acquisition, or weapons engagement.

Range Sources

Among the three sights (HMD, TADS, and FCR) that may be employed by the AH-64D aircrew for targeting, the FCR is the most limited with regards to ranging options. When the FCR is being utilized as the selected sight, only one range source is available, which is a Radar range. However, it is one of the most accurate ranging sources available to the crew.

Radar range is automatically entered as the range source any time the crewmember selects FCR as the selected sight. When transmitting, the FCR precisely measures the slant range between the ownship and targets detected on (or above) the battlefield using reflected radar energy. If no NTS target has been designated, “R?.?” will be displayed within the Range Source field of the High Action Display (HAD). In addition, “LOS INVALID” will be displayed within the Weapon Inhibit field of the High Action Display any time a weapon is actioned and an NTS target has not been designated or has not been re-detected during a subsequent scan cycle.

Once a target location has been processed by the FCR, its position relative to the ownship is retained within the aircraft memory as a 3-dimensional geographic location. The Radar range displayed within the crewmember’s High Action Display will always reflect the slant range to the current Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target as selected on the FCR page. As the aircraft moves or re-positions to a different location, the radar range is updated accordingly in real-time, in a similar manner to using a Navigation range to a point within the navigational database.

Radar Range

As this range source is dynamic, a Radar range may be used when calculating a targeting solution for any weapon system onboard the aircraft. However, targets that are displayed in partial-intensity on the FCR page represent stale FCR targeting data, and may not represent accurate battlefield target locations.

Sight LINK

The FCR may be linked with the TADS to leverage the capabilities of both sights simultaneously against target locations acquired by one or the other. If either crewmember’s selected sight is FCR, the TADS may be linked to the FCR; or if the CPG’s selected sight is TADS, the FCR may be linked to the TADS.

Note

Although the TADS may be manually controlled by the CPG while it is linked to the FCR, the TADS is not the CPG’s selected sight under these conditions. As such, the LRFD cannot be fired and the CPG will be unable to engage targets using the TADS unless it is subsequently selected as the CPG’s sight.

Likewise, although some functions of the FCR may be employed by the CPG while it is linked to the TADS, the FCR is not the CPG’s selected sight under these conditions. As such, the CPG will be unable to engage targets using the FCR unless it is subsequently selected as the CPG’s sight.

Linking TADS to FCR

If either crewmember’s selected sight is FCR and an FCR target has been designated as Next-To-Shoot (NTS), pressing the Sight Select switch on the Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Right Handgrip to the LINK position within the same crewstation will link the TADS line-of- sight (LOS) to the geographical location of the FCR NTS target. “P-FCRL” or “C-FCRL” will be displayed in the Sight Select Status field of the High Action Display of the crewmember that has enabled LINK.

If the Pilot’s selected sight is FCR, the CPG’s selected sight is TADS, and the Pilot links the TADS to the FCR, the CPG’s sight will automatically be set to HMD and any actioned weapon in the CPG crewstation will be de-actioned.

If any of the following criteria are met, the TADS cannot be linked to the FCR and the LINK switch position will be ignored.

• An NTS target has not been designated by the FCR.

• The crewmember’s selected sight is HMD.

• The crewmember’s acquisition source is set to TADS.

• Either crewmember’s NVS Mode switch is set to NORM or FIXED with TADS as the selected NVS sensor.

If the TADS is already linked to the FCR and a new scanburst is commanded, the TADS will remain linked but will return to the fixed forward position until a new NTS target is designated.

TADS Linked to FCR NTS Target

The following TADS controls on the TEDAC handgrips will remain operational in the CPG crewstation while the TADS is linked to the FCR.

• Sensor Select switch.
• IAT/OFS switch.
• FLIR Polarity button.
• Field-Of-View Select switch.
• LMC button.
• SLAVE button.

If any of the following criteria are met within the crewstation that selected LINK, LINK will be disabled and the TADS will return to the fixed forward position.

• The crewmember re-selects LINK while the TADS is already linked to the FCR NTS target.

• The crewmember selects HMD as the sight.

• The crewmember selects a different acquisition source.

Alternatively, the CPG may press the Sight Select switch to the TADS position to disable LINK and take control of the TADS as the selected sight to independently track, lase, and engage targets as necessary.

Linking TADS for Combat Identification (CID)/Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) of an FCR Target

When potential targets are detected on the battlefield, only the aircrew is capable of identifying the detected military units and equipment and whether they are friend or foe, a process known as Combat Identification, or CID. In addition, only the aircrew can determine whether an enemy vehicle is operational or destroyed, a process known as Battle Damage Assessment, or BDA. Since the FCR is not capable of recognizing a target (T-72 or M1A2), determining its coalition affiliation (friend or foe), or whether a target is destroyed, linking the TADS to the FCR allows the Copilot/Gunner (CPG) to perform CID and BDA with regard to FCR-detected targets.

When the TADS is linked to the FCR, the TADS will default to a Medium FOV (field-of-view) if the selected sensor is FLIR, or Wide FOV if the selected sensor is DTV. If the aircraft and/or target are moving, this helps ensure the CPG is able to visually acquire the target within the TADS video, and subsequently stabilize the TADS on target, before the target exits the selected sensor’s FOV. The CPG may then select Narrow or Zoom FOV as necessary for the purposes of performing CID or BDA of the FCR NTS target.

When employing an RF missile against an FCR target while the TADS is linked to the FCR, if the next-to-launch RF missile has entered LOBL mode and has successfully locked on to a target (“RF MSL TRACK” displayed in the High Action Display), the TADS will slave to the line-of-sight of the corresponding missile’s seeker rather than the FCR NTS target. This allows the CPG to confirm the missile has locked on to the intended target prior to launch.

Slewing TADS while Linked to the FCR

If necessary, the CPG may manually slew the TADS while it is still linked to the FCR, allowing the crew to acquire and identify additional targets in vicinity of the FCR NTS target, or to hand off an FCR target to the TADS for engagement. This also allows the crew to perform immediate Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) on a target after firing an RF missile against the FCR NTS target, which would otherwise shift the TADS LOS to the next FCR target at the moment the missile was commanded to launch, which would automatically sequence the NTS designation.

When linked to the FCR NTS target, the TADS laser rangefinder/designator (LRFD) will be inhibited from firing and the Laser Spot Track (LST) and Image Auto-Track (IAT) functions will be overridden and disabled. However, the TADS will still attempt to maintain any tracks that remain within its optical field-of-view while linked to the FCR.

After the TADS LOS has been linked to the FCR NTS target, the CPG may press the SLAVE button on the TEDAC Right Handgrip, which will de-slave the TADS and enable the Sight Manual Tracker, allowing the CPG to manually slew the TADS as normal.

To manually slew the TADS while linked to the FCR NTS target, perform the following:

1. Sight Slave (SLAVE) button – Press.

2. Sight Manual Tracker (MAN TRK) – Slew and employ TADS as desired.

   • Sensor Select switch – Select FLIR or DTV as desired.
   • Field-Of-View Select switch – Select as desired.
   • FLIR Polarity button – Press as desired.
   • Manual tracking - Engage Linear Motion Compensation (LMC) as necessary.
   • Automatic tracking - Engage Image Auto
     Track (IAT).

3. Sight Slave (SLAVE) button – Press to slave the TADS back to FCR NTS target.

   or

4. Sight Select switch – Select LINK to slave the TADS back to the FCR NTS target.

Linking FCR to TADS

If the CPG’s selected sight is TADS, pressing the Sight Select switch on Collective Mission Grip or TEDAC Right Handgrip to the LINK position will link the FCR centerline to the azimuth of the TADS line-of-sight (LOS). “TADSL” will be displayed in the Sight Select Status field of the High Action Display in the CPG crewstation.

FCR Linked to TADS LOS

If the CPG’s selected sight is TADS, the Pilot’s selected sight is FCR, and the CPG links the FCR to the TADS, the Pilot’s sight will automatically be set to HMD, and any actioned weapon in the Pilot crewstation will be de-actioned.

If any of the following criteria are met, the FCR cannot be linked to the TADS and the LINK switch position will be ignored.

• The CPG’s selected sight is HMD.

• The CPG’s acquisition source is set to FCR.

• Either crewmember’s NVS Mode switch is set to NORM or FIXED with TADS as the selected NVS sensor.

The following FCR controls will become operational on the CPG’s Collective Mission Grip and TEDAC handgrips while the FCR is linked to the TADS.

• Mode Select switch.
• Scan Size Select switch.
• Scan Select switch.
• ZOOM button.

If any of the following criteria are met within the CPG crewstation after selecting LINK, LINK will be disabled and the FCR will return to the fixed forward position.

• The CPG re-selects LINK while the FCR is already linked to the TADS LOS.
• The CPG selects HMD as the sight.
• The CPG selects a different acquisition source.

Alternatively, either crewmember may press the Sight Select switch to the FCR position to disable LINK and take control of the FCR as the selected sight to independently perform scans or engage targets as necessary.

Performing FCR scans while Linked to the TADS

If necessary, the CPG may perform FCR scans while it is still linked to the TADS, allowing the crew to detect and acquire additional targets along the azimuth of the TADS line-of-sight, or to hand off a target acquired within the TADS field-of-view to the FCR for engagement. However, such procedures are most effective when C-Scope has been enabled to allow the CPG to correlate the FCR target symbols with those seen within the TADS sensor video.

To perform an FCR scanburst while linked to the TADS LOS, perform the following:

1. Mode Select switch – Select GTM, RMAP, or ATM as appropriate.
2. Scan Size Select switch – Select Narrow (N) or Zoom (Z) as appropriate.
3. Scan Select switch – Select S-SCAN.

FCR Hand Controls

Either crewmember may employ the Fire Control Radar for targeting and engagement of enemy targets.

Cyclic & Collective Controls

The Pilot and Copilot/Gunner Collective Mission Grips include identical controls for FCR employment.

TEDAC Controls

FCR controls are replicated on the Collective Mission Grip and TEDAC handgrips in the CPG crewstation. This allows the CPG to employ the FCR for targeting and engagement without interfering with the flight controls, and seamlessly transitioning between using the FCR and TADS.